{"biomes":[{"id":"meadow","name":"Willow Meadow","order":1,"explorable":true,"description":"A once-flowering meadow beside your home, now dusty and quiet. Native grasses were stripped away and the pollinators left with them.","restorationGoal":"Replant grasses and wildflowers, add water and shelter, and help 10 meadow animals return.","unlock":null,"resources":["seeds","berries","stones","branches","wildflowers","fiber","water"],"digResources":["clay","clay","clay","stones"],"palette":{"damaged":"#b9a37c","healthy":"#8fbf6f"},"grid":{"cols":44,"rows":26}},{"id":"forest","name":"Old Hollow Forest","order":2,"explorable":true,"description":"A logged-over woodland. The big trees are gone, the understory is bare, and the birds have moved on.","restorationGoal":"Rebuild the understory, raise nesting trees and deadwood, and welcome the forest animals back.","unlock":{"biome":"meadow","minHealth":60,"minAnimals":10,"requiresItem":"forest-restoration-kit","label":"Restore Willow Meadow to 60% health, welcome 10 meadow animals, and craft a Forest Restoration Kit."},"resources":["branches","mushrooms","pinecones","acorns","bark","moss","berries","stones","water"],"digResources":["clay","clay","stones"],"palette":{"damaged":"#9c8a66","healthy":"#5e9455"},"grid":{"cols":30,"rows":26}},{"id":"wetland","name":"Rushwater Wetland","order":3,"explorable":true,"description":"A drained marsh. Old channels are dry, the reeds are gone, and the water that remains is murky.","restorationGoal":"Restore shallow water, reed beds, and mud banks so wetland life can return.","unlock":{"biome":"forest","minHealth":80,"minAnimals":10,"minTotalAnimals":25,"requiresItem":"wetland-restoration-kit","label":"Restore Old Hollow Forest to 80% health with 10 forest animals back, welcome 25 animals across the whole preserve, and craft a Wetland Restoration Kit."},"resources":["reeds","clay","mud","clean-water","water","fiber"],"digResources":["clay","mud","mud","stones"],"palette":{"damaged":"#a8a07a","healthy":"#6aa884"},"grid":{"cols":30,"rows":26}},{"id":"desert","name":"Redstone Scrubland","order":4,"explorable":true,"description":"An overgrazed desert flat. Without brush or burrows, the heat keeps everything away.","restorationGoal":"Replant cactus and brush, build shade and burrows, and bring the desert back to life.","unlock":{"biome":"wetland","minHealth":80,"minAnimals":13,"minTotalAnimals":45,"requiresItem":"scrubland-restoration-kit","label":"Restore Rushwater Wetland to 80% health with 13 wetland animals back, welcome 45 animals across the whole preserve, and craft a Scrubland Restoration Kit."},"resources":["sand","cactus-fruit","stones","clay","geode","agave-nectar"],"digResources":["sand","sand","clay","stones","geode"],"palette":{"damaged":"#c78a52","healthy":"#e08a3c"},"canFlood":false,"grid":{"cols":30,"rows":26}},{"id":"alpine","name":"Graywind Heights","order":5,"explorable":true,"description":"A trampled alpine slope. The wildflower turf is worn through and the talus is silent.","restorationGoal":"Restore alpine turf, snowmelt pools, and rocky shelter for high-country animals.","unlock":{"biome":"desert","minHealth":80,"minAnimals":15,"minTotalAnimals":65,"requiresItem":"alpine-restoration-kit","label":"Restore Redstone Scrubland to 80% health with 15 desert animals back, welcome 65 animals across the whole preserve, and craft an Alpine Restoration Kit."},"resources":["alpine-flowers","stones","moss","clean-water","quartz-crystal","pine-nuts","lichen","snow","juniper-berries","obsidian"],"digResources":["stones","stones","clay","obsidian","quartz-crystal"],"palette":{"damaged":"#9a9992","healthy":"#a6ad93"},"grid":{"cols":30,"rows":26}},{"id":"coastal","name":"Pelican Shore","order":6,"explorable":true,"description":"A scoured stretch of coast where the open ocean breaks along the western edge. The dunes have washed out and the tidepools are empty, but sea glass, kelp, coral, and the odd pearl still wash up on the tide.","restorationGoal":"Anchor the dunes, restore tidepools and kelp wrack, and reopen the shore to coastal life.","unlock":{"biome":"alpine","minHealth":80,"minAnimals":17,"minTotalAnimals":85,"requiresItem":"migration-path-marker","label":"Restore Graywind Heights to 80% health with 17 alpine animals back, welcome 85 animals across the whole preserve, and craft a Migration Path Marker."},"resources":["shells","driftwood","sand","water","kelp","sea-glass","pearl"],"digResources":["sand","sand","shells"],"palette":{"damaged":"#c2b9a0","healthy":"#e8d9a8"},"grid":{"cols":36,"rows":26},"oceanCols":10}],"animals":[{"id":"banana-slug","name":"Banana Slug","scientificName":"Ariolimax columbianus","kind":"invertebrate","trophic":"detritivore","rarity":"common","diet":"fallen leaves, mushrooms, animal droppings and other decaying matter; occasionally live seedlings","shelter":"Under logs and loose bark; seals itself into a mucus cocoon and waits out dry spells","preferredHabitat":"Cool, shaded forest floor that stays damp — deep leaf litter, mossy logs and seeps","fact":"Banana slug slime is a numbing agent — one lick and most animals spit the slug straight back out, tongue tingling.","role":"The banana slug is the forest floor's shredder. Fungi and bacteria do the fine chemistry; the slug does the chewing, grinding fallen leaves into wet crumbs that rot far faster and turning a whole autumn of leaves into soft duff. It grazes mushrooms too, and spores ride safely through its gut, so every silver trail plants fungi somewhere new. Gartersnakes and raccoons are two of the very few animals willing to put up with the slime.","eats":[],"eatsOther":["dead leaves","animal scat","lichen","seedlings"],"eatenBy":["raccoon","wood-frog"],"requirements":{"minHealth":35,"objects":{"mushroom-ring":1,"fern-spring":1},"signature":"mushroom-ring","hint":"Deep damp leaves, mossy shade and mushrooms to graze. Skip the pond — this one drinks through its skin, straight out of the litter."},"sources":[{"name":"Animal Diversity Web — Ariolimax columbianus","url":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Ariolimax_columbianus/"},{"name":"NPS Muir Woods — Banana Slug","url":"https://www.nps.gov/muwo/learn/nature/banana-slug.htm"}],"biome":"forest"},{"id":"tree-squirrel","name":"Tree Squirrel","scientificName":"Sciurus carolinensis","kind":"mammal","trophic":"herbivore","rarity":"common","diet":"acorns, hickory nuts, tree buds, samaras and fungi; occasional insects and bird eggs","shelter":"Tree cavity dens in winter and leaf-and-twig dreys built high in the canopy in summer","preferredHabitat":"Mature deciduous or mixed forest rich in oaks and hickories","fact":"A squirrel buries thousands of nuts a year and forgets a good share of them. The forgotten ones grow into trees, so most squirrels accidentally plant a forest in a lifetime.","role":"The gray squirrel is a seed eater who keeps failing at his own plan, and the woods are better for it: acorns buried and never dug up again are how oaks climb hills and fill gaps. Its droppings scatter fungal spores, its leafy summer dreys get taken over by great horned owls, and being the commonest mid-sized animal in the forest it is on the menu of nearly every predator here.","eats":[],"eatsOther":["hickory nuts","tree buds","maple samaras","mushrooms","bird eggs","nestlings"],"eatenBy":["gray-fox","fisher","bobcat","great-horned-owl","black-bear",{"id":"ratsnake","stage":"young"},"goshawk"],"requirements":{"minHealth":15,"objects":{"leaf-drey":1,"nesting-tree":1},"signature":"leaf-drey","hint":"Oaks to feed and bury from, a high fork for a summer drey, and a big tree to den in over winter."},"sources":[{"name":"Animal Diversity Web — Sciurus carolinensis","url":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Sciurus_carolinensis/"},{"name":"NC Wildlife Resources Commission — Eastern Gray Squirrel","url":"https://www.ncwildlife.gov/species/eastern-gray-squirrel"}],"biome":"forest"},{"id":"chipmunk","name":"Chipmunk","scientificName":"Tamias striatus","kind":"mammal","trophic":"herbivore","rarity":"common","diet":"seeds, acorns, hickory nuts, berries and underground fungi, plus some insects and bird eggs","shelter":"Underground burrows up to 10 m long with a nest chamber and a seed-storage larder","preferredHabitat":"Mature deciduous forest with logs, stumps and diggable soil","fact":"A chipmunk can cram so many acorns into its cheek pouches that its head looks twice as wide, then unload them into an underground pantry holding more than a litre of seeds. It wakes up all winter to snack — chipmunks never truly hibernate.","role":"The chipmunk is a hoarder and a digger. Every seed it carries off and never eats is a seed planted somewhere new, and spores from the fungi it digs up travel with it. Its tunnels loosen and air the soil. Small, common and awake in daylight, it is the prey base almost every predator here is waiting on — which is why so many of them cannot come back until it does.","eats":[],"eatsOther":["hickory nuts","seeds","berries","insects","bird eggs"],"eatenBy":["gray-fox","fisher","bobcat","great-horned-owl","black-bear","ratsnake","goshawk"],"requirements":{"minHealth":12,"objects":{"brush-pile":1},"hint":"A brush pile to bolt into is enough to start with."},"sources":[{"name":"Animal Diversity Web — Tamias striatus","url":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Tamias_striatus/"},{"name":"Mass Audubon — Eastern Chipmunk","url":"https://www.massaudubon.org/nature-wildlife/mammals/eastern-chipmunk"}],"biome":"forest"},{"id":"porcupine","name":"Porcupine","scientificName":"Erethizon dorsatum","kind":"mammal","trophic":"herbivore","rarity":"uncommon","diet":"almost entirely herbivorous — inner bark in winter, buds, twigs and leaves in summer — but gnaws shed antlers and bones for minerals","shelter":"Rock dens and hollow logs, reused season after season; also rests high in tree canopies","preferredHabitat":"Mixed and coniferous forest with thick-barked trees, especially hemlock, and rock or log dens below","fact":"A porcupine cannot throw its quills — they simply stick to whatever bumps them. The barbed tips are coated in a natural antibiotic, so a porcupine that falls out of a tree and lands on itself usually heals up fine.","role":"Porcupines improve the forest by damaging it. Stripping bark kills limbs and whole trees, and those dying trees become the snags, loose bark slabs and cavities that woodpeckers, bats and denning mammals move into — one animal's dinner is another animal's house. They eat the same nuts as squirrels and elk, and they are the entire reason a fisher would bother living here.","eats":[],"eatsOther":["inner bark","buds","twigs","shed antlers and bones"],"eatenBy":["fisher","bobcat","great-horned-owl","black-bear"],"requirements":{"minHealth":50,"objects":{"hemlock-stand":1,"hollow-log":1,"log-shelter":1,"pine-tree":1},"signature":"hemlock-stand","hint":"Hemlock and pine bark to live on through winter, and a hollow log or rock den to sleep the day away in."},"sources":[{"name":"Animal Diversity Web — Erethizon dorsatum","url":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Erethizon_dorsatum/"},{"name":"Pennsylvania Game Commission — Porcupine","url":"https://www.pa.gov/agencies/pgc/wildlife/discover-pa-wildlife/porcupine"}],"biome":"forest"},{"id":"woodpecker","name":"Woodpecker","scientificName":"Dryobates pubescens","kind":"bird","trophic":"insectivore","rarity":"common","diet":"mostly insects — beetle larvae, ants, caterpillars — with some berries and sap","shelter":"Excavates its own cavity in a small dead stub, usually in wood already softened by fungus; roosts in cavities year-round","preferredHabitat":"Open deciduous and mixed woodland with small dead stubs and dead limbs on living trees","fact":"A downy woodpecker weighs about as much as four sheets of paper — light enough to hang off a dead weed stem and drill into it, which no bigger woodpecker can manage.","role":"The downy cuts the small holes. It can only chisel wood that fungi have already softened, so it waits on the decomposers — and the nuthatches and chickadees, which cannot cut a hole at all, wait on it. It works bark crevices and dead twigs for beetle grubs and ants that heavier woodpeckers can't reach, and its eggs feed climbing snakes.","eats":[{"id":"polyphemus-moth","stage":"young"}],"eatsOther":["beetle larvae","carpenter ants","spiders","sap"],"eatenBy":[{"id":"ratsnake","stage":"eggs"}],"requirements":{"minHealth":16,"objects":{"soft-rot-snag":1,"standing-deadwood":2},"signature":"soft-rot-snag","animals":["polyphemus-moth"],"hint":"Small dead stubs with the wood already gone soft. It cannot chisel healthy timber, so leave the rotting stuff standing."},"sources":[{"name":"Cornell Lab All About Birds — Downy Woodpecker life history","url":"https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Downy_Woodpecker/lifehistory"},{"name":"Animal Diversity Web — Downy Woodpecker","url":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Picoides_pubescens/"}],"biome":"forest"},{"id":"nuthatch","name":"Nuthatch","scientificName":"Sitta carolinensis","kind":"bird","trophic":"omnivore","rarity":"common","diet":"insects and spiders from bark in summer; acorns, hickory nuts and cached seeds through winter","shelter":"Natural cavities and old woodpecker holes in mature hardwoods; cannot excavate its own","preferredHabitat":"Mature deciduous and mixed forest with large oaks and hickories","fact":"A nuthatch walks down tree trunks head-first, which lets it spot insects tucked in bark that every upward-climbing bird walks straight past.","role":"The nuthatch reads the bark upside down, taking beetles, insect eggs and spiders from angles other birds never see. In autumn it wedges acorns and seeds into bark cracks to hammer open later, shifting seed around the woods. It cannot cut a hole of its own, so it moves into last year's downy woodpecker hole — no woodpecker, no nuthatch.","eats":[{"id":"polyphemus-moth","stage":"young"}],"eatsOther":["bark beetles","insect eggs","spiders","hickory nuts"],"eatenBy":[{"id":"ratsnake","stage":"eggs"}],"requirements":{"minHealth":40,"objects":{"downy-cavity":1,"oak-tree":2,"standing-deadwood":1},"signature":"downy-cavity","animals":["woodpecker"],"hint":"An old woodpecker hole it can move straight into, with big oaks to work over and stash seeds in."},"sources":[{"name":"Cornell Lab All About Birds — White-breasted Nuthatch","url":"https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/White-breasted_Nuthatch/lifehistory"},{"name":"Animal Diversity Web — Sitta carolinensis","url":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Sitta_carolinensis/"}],"biome":"forest"},{"id":"forest-salamander","name":"Forest Salamander","scientificName":"Plethodon cinereus","kind":"amphibian","trophic":"insectivore","rarity":"uncommon","diet":"small invertebrates: mites, springtails, spiders, beetles, ants and earthworms","shelter":"Under logs, bark and damp leaf litter; lays its eggs in a cavity inside rotting wood and stays coiled around them","preferredHabitat":"Cool, damp deciduous forest floor with abundant rotting wood — and no pond required anywhere in its life","fact":"Add up all the red-backed salamanders in a patch of forest and they can outweigh every bird in it. They have no lungs at all — the whole animal breathes through its skin.","role":"This salamander is the bridge between the leaf litter and everything above it: it eats the mites, springtails and small worms that shred fallen leaves, and its own huge numbers feed snakes, birds and small mammals. It also breaks the rule everyone learns about amphibians — no pond, no tadpole, the entire life cycle inside one rotting log. Skin-breathing means it dries out fast, so the ground has to stay damp.","eats":[],"eatsOther":["springtails","mites","ants","beetles","earthworms","snails"],"eatenBy":["raccoon","gray-fox"],"requirements":{"minHealth":40,"objects":{"rotting-heartwood-log":1,"fern-spring":1},"signature":"rotting-heartwood-log","hint":"This one skips the tadpole stage completely — the eggs hatch fully formed inside a rotting log. No pond needed, just damp wood and deep leaves."},"sources":[{"name":"Animal Diversity Web — Plethodon cinereus","url":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Plethodon_cinereus/"},{"name":"Virginia Herpetological Society — Eastern Red-backed Salamander","url":"https://www.virginiaherpetologicalsociety.com/amphibians/salamanders/eastern-red-backed-salamander/eastern_red-backed_salamander.php"}],"biome":"forest"},{"id":"raccoon","name":"Raccoon","scientificName":"Procyon lotor","kind":"mammal","trophic":"omnivore","rarity":"common","diet":"opportunistic: crayfish, insects, earthworms, frogs, eggs and fruit, with vertebrate prey a smaller share than most people assume","shelter":"Hollow tree dens preferred; also rock crevices, burrows and buildings","preferredHabitat":"Moist forest beside water shallow enough to wade and feel around in","fact":"A raccoon sees with its hands. Its front paws carry four to five times more touch nerves than most mammals', and it will stare off in the opposite direction while its fingers read a stream bed.","role":"The raccoon carries the stream into the woods: it feels out crayfish and insects in the shallows and unloads that energy up the bank, dropping fruit seeds as it goes. It is also this forest's great nest robber — the same crowd of cavities that lets wood ducks and flying squirrels move in hands a raccoon a list of doors to try.","eats":["banana-slug","forest-salamander",{"id":"polyphemus-moth","stage":"young"},{"id":"wood-duck","stage":"eggs"},{"id":"pileated-woodpecker","stage":"eggs"},{"id":"flying-squirrel","stage":"young"},"wood-frog"],"eatsOther":["crayfish","earthworms","berries","fruit","carrion"],"eatenBy":["bobcat","fisher",{"id":"great-horned-owl","stage":"young"}],"requirements":{"minHealth":45,"objects":{"crayfish-shallows":1,"hollow-log":1,"woodland-pool":1,"berry-bush":1},"signature":"crayfish-shallows","animals":["banana-slug","forest-salamander"],"water":{"tiles":3},"hint":"A hollow den log and a stony shallow edge to feel around in. It hunts with its hands, not its eyes."},"sources":[{"name":"Animal Diversity Web — Procyon lotor","url":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Procyon_lotor/"},{"name":"NWF Wildlife Guide — Raccoon","url":"https://www.nwf.org/Educational-Resources/Wildlife-Guide/Mammals/Raccoon"}],"biome":"forest"},{"id":"black-bear","name":"Black Bear","scientificName":"Ursus americanus","kind":"mammal","trophic":"omnivore","rarity":"rare","diet":"berries, acorns and nuts above all; also grasses and forbs, insects and grubs, carrion, and fawns in spring","shelter":"Winter dens under upturned root masses, in hollow trees and rock cavities, or dug into a bank","preferredHabitat":"Dense forest with a thick understory and reliable berry and acorn crops","fact":"Black bear cubs are born in the middle of hibernation, blind and smaller than a soup can, and their mother barely wakes up for it.","role":"A black bear ties the whole forest together in one animal: berries, acorns, grubs torn out of rotting logs, an elk calf in spring. It carries berry seeds for miles before dropping them, and every log it rips apart rots faster afterwards. A bear's year is really an acorn year — when the mast crop fails bears wander enormous distances, and a forest with no oaks cannot keep them. Nothing here hunts a grown bear.","eats":["chipmunk","tree-squirrel","porcupine",{"id":"elk","stage":"young"}],"eatsOther":["berries","insects","grubs","carrion","honey"],"eatenBy":[],"requirements":{"minHealth":75,"minBalance":50,"objects":{"root-mass-den":1,"berry-bush":2,"small-pond":1},"signature":"root-mass-den","animals":["chipmunk","elk"],"water":{"tiles":2},"hint":"A full larder and a winter bed: heavy berry crops, acorn-bearing oaks, water, and a den under the tipped-up roots of a fallen tree.","conditions":{"season":["spring","summer","autumn"]}},"sources":[{"name":"NPS — Black Bears","url":"https://www.nps.gov/subjects/bears/black-bears.htm"},{"name":"Animal Diversity Web — Ursus americanus","url":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Ursus_americanus/"}],"biome":"forest"},{"id":"gray-fox","name":"Gray Fox","scientificName":"Urocyon cinereoargenteus","kind":"mammal","trophic":"mesopredator","rarity":"uncommon","diet":"mice, voles, rabbits, squirrels, birds and eggs — and in late summer an astonishing amount of fruit","shelter":"Hollow logs, rock crevices and old earth dens; it will also curl up on a branch well off the ground","preferredHabitat":"Brushy woodland edges and old clearings growing back, with tangled climbable cover","fact":"It is the only dog in the world that climbs trees. A gray fox hooks its curved claws into the bark, shins up the trunk like a cat, and naps ten metres up where nothing that hunts it can follow.","role":"The forest's climbing fox. It works the brushy edges for mice, rabbits and ground-nesting birds, then goes straight up a trunk after squirrels, nests and grapes. By late summer it is eating so much fruit that its droppings are half seeds, which plants the next generation of berry tangles all along the edge. Bobcats kill it when they catch it in the open and great horned owls take its kits, so it keeps a climbable tree within a sprint at all times.","eats":["chipmunk","tree-squirrel","flying-squirrel","forest-salamander","ratsnake",{"id":"wood-duck","stage":"eggs"},"towhee"],"eatsOther":["mice","voles","grapes","berries","beetles","carrion"],"eatenBy":["bobcat",{"id":"great-horned-owl","stage":"young"}],"requirements":{"minHealth":60,"objects":{"wild-grape-tangle":1,"earth-den-bank":1,"brush-pile":1},"signature":"wild-grape-tangle","animals":["chipmunk","tree-squirrel"],"water":{"tiles":1},"hint":"A brushy edge to hunt along, a dry bank to den in, and something woody to climb — going straight up a trunk is how this one gets away from whatever is bigger. Fruit matters as much as mice here."},"sources":[{"name":"Animal Diversity Web — Urocyon cinereoargenteus","url":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Urocyon_cinereoargenteus/"},{"name":"NPS — Gray Fox","url":"https://www.nps.gov/articles/gray-fox.htm"}],"biome":"forest"},{"id":"ratsnake","name":"Ratsnake","scientificName":"Pantherophis obsoletus","kind":"reptile","trophic":"mesopredator","rarity":"uncommon","diet":"mice, voles, chipmunks and young squirrels, plus birds and eggs lifted straight out of nests","shelter":"Hollow trunks, rot pockets and stump cavities; the eggs go into a warm heap of rotting wood chips","preferredHabitat":"Old woods and woodland edges with big rough-barked trees to climb and rodents underneath them","fact":"A ratsnake can climb straight up a bare tree trunk with nothing to hold onto. It wedges the edges of its belly scales into the ridges in the bark and walks up the side of the tree, then robs the nest at the top.","role":"The forest's rodent brake, and the only hunter here that works in three dimensions. On the ground it takes mice, voles and chipmunks by the dozen; up in the canopy it raids old woodpecker holes and songbird nests, which is why every bird in earshot mobs it. It kills by wrapping and squeezing, not venom, and when it is startled it freezes into a stiff kinked shape that looks exactly like a fallen branch. She never sits on her eggs — she buries them in rotting wood and lets the heat of the rot do the incubating. Foxes, fishers and great horned owls eat it.","eats":["chipmunk",{"id":"tree-squirrel","stage":"young"},{"id":"woodpecker","stage":"eggs"},{"id":"nuthatch","stage":"eggs"},{"id":"towhee","stage":"eggs"},"wood-frog"],"eatsOther":["mice","voles","shrews","nestling birds"],"eatenBy":["gray-fox","fisher","great-horned-owl"],"requirements":{"minHealth":45,"objects":{"snake-egg-mound":1,"oak-tree":2,"leaf-litter-pile":1},"signature":"snake-egg-mound","animals":["chipmunk","woodpecker"],"hint":"Big rough-barked trees are the whole trick — this snake hunts up them as much as under them. Leave a heap of rotting wood chips at the foot of a stump for her eggs, and skip the pond; she does not need one."},"sources":[{"name":"Animal Diversity Web — Pantherophis obsoletus","url":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Pantherophis_obsoletus/"},{"name":"Virginia Herpetological Society — Eastern Ratsnake","url":"https://www.virginiaherpetologicalsociety.com/reptiles/snakes/eastern-ratsnake/eastern_ratsnake.php"}],"biome":"forest"},{"id":"bobcat","name":"Bobcat","scientificName":"Lynx rufus","kind":"mammal","trophic":"apex-predator","rarity":"rare","diet":"obligate carnivore: rabbits, squirrels and rodents, plus some birds, reptiles and deer fawns","shelter":"Dens under rock ledges, in hollow logs and in dense thickets; a female moves her kittens if disturbed","preferredHabitat":"Forest with a dense understory, brushy edges and broken rocky ground","fact":"A bobcat can bring down prey eight times its own weight, then bury the leftovers under leaves or snow and come back the next night.","role":"With no wolves or cougars in these woods, the bobcat is the top hunter on the ground and nothing hunts a grown one. It takes everything from chipmunks up to raccoons, foxes and even fishers, and it kills by ambush — creeping close through cover, then one short rush. Strip the understory and the bobcat leaves, however much prey is still standing around: it has nothing left to hide behind.","eats":["tree-squirrel","chipmunk","porcupine","raccoon","gray-fox","fisher"],"eatsOther":["mice","voles","ground birds"],"eatenBy":[],"requirements":{"minHealth":75,"minBalance":45,"objects":{"rocky-den-ledge":1,"brush-pile":2,"fern-grove":1,"nesting-tree":1},"signature":"rocky-den-ledge","animals":["tree-squirrel","chipmunk"],"water":{"tiles":1},"hint":"Dense understory to stalk through, a sheltered rock den for kittens, and plenty of prey already back.","conditions":{"dayPhase":["dawn","dusk","night"]}},"sources":[{"name":"Animal Diversity Web — Lynx rufus","url":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Lynx_rufus/"},{"name":"IUCN Red List — Lynx rufus","url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/12521/50655874"}],"biome":"forest"},{"id":"great-horned-owl","name":"Great Horned Owl","scientificName":"Bubo virginianus","kind":"bird","trophic":"apex-predator","rarity":"rare","diet":"mammals and birds — rabbits, skunks, even other owls — plus frogs","shelter":"Never builds a nest: takes over an old hawk, crow or squirrel nest, or a broken snag top or ledge","preferredHabitat":"Mature forest broken by open ground, with big trees holding other animals' abandoned nests","fact":"Great horned owls are one of the only animals that regularly kill and eat skunks. The spray does not appear to bother them in the slightest.","role":"The great horned owl runs the night shift and eats a longer list of animals than any other bird of prey here — squirrels, bats, snakes, ducks, even porcupines — and adults have nothing above them. It builds nothing at all: it starts nesting in midwinter by claiming an old squirrel drey or hawk nest somebody else made last spring, which is why the squirrels have to come back before the owl can.","eats":["tree-squirrel","chipmunk","flying-squirrel","porcupine","wood-duck","ratsnake","skunk","pileated-woodpecker",{"id":"raccoon","stage":"young"},{"id":"gray-fox","stage":"young"},"skunk"],"eatsOther":["skunks","rabbits","carrion","frogs"],"eatenBy":[],"requirements":{"minHealth":65,"minBalance":40,"objects":{"adopted-stick-nest":1,"standing-deadwood":1,"nesting-tree":2,"brush-pile":1},"signature":"adopted-stick-nest","animals":["tree-squirrel","chipmunk"],"hint":"Tall trees holding somebody else's old nest — this one never builds its own — and prey already back in the woods."},"sources":[{"name":"Cornell Lab All About Birds — Great Horned Owl life history","url":"https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Great_Horned_Owl/lifehistory"},{"name":"Animal Diversity Web — Bubo virginianus","url":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Bubo_virginianus/"}],"biome":"forest"},{"id":"grasshopper","name":"Grasshopper","scientificName":"Melanoplus spp.","kind":"insect","trophic":"herbivore","rarity":"common","diet":"grasses, sedges and broadleaf forbs","shelter":"Shelters down in grass and low vegetation; lays eggs in firm bare soil","preferredHabitat":"Sunny grasslands and meadows rich in grasses and forbs","fact":"A grasshopper's ears are on its belly — a pair of eardrums on the first segment of the abdomen, nowhere near its head.","role":"Grasshoppers turn grass into food for everything else. Almost every meat-eater in this meadow takes them at some point — birds, snakes, foxes, spiders, mantises, even a screech owl — so a good grasshopper summer is a good summer for the whole food web.","eats":[],"eatsOther":["grasses","leaves and forbs","sedges"],"eatenBy":["bluebird","garden-spider","garter-snake","ground-squirrel","praying-mantis","red-fox","western-meadowlark","opossum","song-sparrow"],"requirements":{"minHealth":8,"objects":{"grass-patch":1},"hint":"They return almost as soon as the grass does."},"sources":[{"name":"Britannica — Short-horned grasshopper","url":"https://www.britannica.com/animal/short-horned-grasshopper"},{"name":"Grasshopper tympanal hearing (PMC)","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4559048/"}],"biome":"meadow"},{"id":"prairie-vole","name":"Prairie Vole","scientificName":"Microtus ochrogaster","kind":"mammal","trophic":"herbivore","rarity":"common","diet":"grasses, sedges, seeds and roots, plus bark in winter","shelter":"Shallow burrows and woven grass nests linked by clipped surface runways","preferredHabitat":"Dense grassy prairie and meadow with thick ground cover left standing","fact":"Prairie voles pair up and stay together, and both parents raise the pups — which is why scientists who study bonding and loyalty end up studying this small brown rodent.","role":"The vole is the meadow's engine of small furry food. It mows narrow highways through the grass, breeds fast, and feeds hawks, owls, foxes, coyotes, snakes and badgers. The burrows it abandons get taken over by bumble bee queens and garter snakes, so it builds homes as well as filling stomachs.","eats":[],"eatsOther":["bark","grasses","roots","sedges","seeds"],"eatenBy":["american-badger","barn-owl","coyote","garter-snake","red-fox","red-tailed-hawk"],"requirements":{"minHealth":10,"objects":{"vole-runway-network":1},"signature":"vole-runway-network","hint":"Thick unmown grass with clipped runways beneath it. This one arrives early, and almost everything with teeth or talons is waiting on it."},"sources":[{"name":"Animal Diversity Web — Microtus ochrogaster","url":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Microtus_ochrogaster/"},{"name":"USDA Forest Service FEIS — Microtus ochrogaster","url":"https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/animals/mammal/mioc/all.html"}],"biome":"meadow"},{"id":"monarch-butterfly","name":"Monarch Butterfly","scientificName":"Danaus plexippus","kind":"insect","trophic":"herbivore","rarity":"common","diet":"caterpillars eat only milkweed; adults sip flower nectar","shelter":"Roosts in trees and shrubs; overwinters clustered in dense groves far to the south","preferredHabitat":"Open meadows and roadsides with milkweed to breed on and nectar flowers to refuel on","fact":"No single monarch flies the whole round trip. The butterflies that head south in autumn are the great-grandchildren of the ones that came north in spring, and they find the same groves anyway.","role":"Monarch caterpillars eat milkweed and store its poison in their own bodies, so a bird that tries one usually spits it out and remembers the orange for the rest of its life. It doesn't save them from everything — mantises, spiders, wasps and ants take eggs and caterpillars by the thousand, and only a few in every hundred ever grow wings.","eats":[],"eatsOther":["flower nectar (adult)","milkweed leaves (caterpillar)"],"eatenBy":[{"id":"praying-mantis","stage":"young"}],"requirements":{"minHealth":15,"objects":{"milkweed-rhizome-bed":1,"pollinator-garden":1},"signature":"milkweed-rhizome-bed","hint":"A spreading milkweed bed for the caterpillars — nothing else will do — and nectar flowers close by for the adults."},"sources":[{"name":"USFWS — Monarch (Danaus plexippus)","url":"https://www.fws.gov/species/monarch-danaus-plexippus"},{"name":"PNAS — monarch population dynamics","url":"https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2024463118"}],"biome":"meadow"},{"id":"bumblebee","name":"Bumblebee","scientificName":"Bombus spp.","kind":"insect","trophic":"herbivore","rarity":"common","diet":"nectar for fuel and pollen for protein, from a wide range of flowers","shelter":"Nests in abandoned rodent burrows, grass tussocks and ground cavities","preferredHabitat":"Flower-rich meadows with something in bloom from spring to frost","fact":"Some flowers refuse to let go of their pollen unless they are shaken. A bumblebee grabs on and buzzes its flight muscles until the pollen falls out — tomatoes and blueberries depend on it.","role":"Big, furry and warm enough to fly on cold grey mornings when other bees are still grounded, the bumblebee is the meadow's heavy-duty pollinator. A whole colony starts with one queen in spring hunting for an old vole hole to move into, so nest holes matter every bit as much as flowers. Orb weavers and crab spiders take her at the flowers, and badgers dig entire nests out of the ground.","eats":[],"eatsOther":["flower nectar","pollen"],"eatenBy":["american-badger","bluebird","garden-spider","praying-mantis"],"requirements":{"minHealth":25,"objects":{"bumblebee-nest-tussock":1,"native-thistle-stand":1},"signature":"bumblebee-nest-tussock","hint":"Flowers are only half of it. A queen also needs an abandoned vole hole under a thick grass tussock to start her colony in."},"sources":[{"name":"Xerces Society — About Bumble Bees","url":"https://xerces.org/bumble-bees/about"},{"name":"Xerces Society — Nesting Resources","url":"https://xerces.org/pollinator-conservation/nesting-resources"}],"biome":"meadow"},{"id":"cottontail-rabbit","name":"Cottontail Rabbit","scientificName":"Sylvilagus floridanus","kind":"mammal","trophic":"herbivore","rarity":"common","diet":"grasses and clover in summer; twigs, bark and buds in winter","shelter":"Rests in shallow grass 'forms'; bolts into brush piles and old burrows","preferredHabitat":"Meadows and field edges with brushy cover close enough to run to","fact":"A cottontail doesn't dig a burrow. It presses a shallow bowl into the grass called a form and sits so still in it that you can walk straight past.","role":"Cottontails eat grass and clover all summer and switch to twigs and bark in winter, and they breed fast enough to keep up with everything that hunts them — fox, coyote, badger, hawk and owl all count on them. Their droppings feed the soil life underfoot, which is a polite way of saying rabbits fertilise the meadow they eat.","eats":[],"eatsOther":["bark","berries","buds","clover","grasses","twigs"],"eatenBy":["american-badger","coyote","red-fox","red-tailed-hawk","barn-owl"],"requirements":{"minHealth":25,"objects":{"brush-form-hollow":1,"berry-bush":1},"signature":"brush-form-hollow","hint":"A brushy form to bolt into, native grass to graze, and berries close by. It gets most of its water straight out of green plants."},"sources":[{"name":"Animal Diversity Web — Sylvilagus floridanus","url":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Sylvilagus_floridanus/"},{"name":"NatureWorks — Eastern cottontail","url":"https://nhpbs.org/natureworks/easterncottontail.htm"}],"biome":"meadow"},{"id":"mule-deer","name":"Mule Deer","scientificName":"Odocoileus hemionus","kind":"mammal","trophic":"herbivore","rarity":"uncommon","diet":"shrubs, forbs, twigs and buds, plus grasses in spring","shelter":"Beds down in brushy cover or tall grass; no permanent den","preferredHabitat":"Open meadows and shrubby edges with browse and daily water","fact":"A bounding mule deer lands on all four hooves at once like a pogo stick, and puffs out scent from a gland on its hind leg as it goes — a warning the other deer can smell.","role":"The mule deer is a browser rather than a grazer: it works on shrub twigs, buds and broad-leaved plants instead of cropping turf, so it shapes the edges of the meadow rather than the middle. Its browsing and droppings move nutrients around. Coyotes take fawns; a healthy adult is more than most hunters here want to take on.","eats":[],"eatsOther":["buds","forbs","grasses","shrubs","twigs"],"eatenBy":[{"id":"coyote","stage":"young"}],"requirements":{"minHealth":55,"objects":{"serviceberry-browse-thicket":2,"native-grass-patch":1,"small-pond":1},"signature":"serviceberry-browse-thicket","water":{"tiles":2},"hint":"Real browse — serviceberry twigs and buds, not lawn — plus water it can reach every day."},"sources":[{"name":"Animal Diversity Web — Odocoileus hemionus","url":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Odocoileus_hemionus/"},{"name":"Montana Field Guide — Saskatoon Serviceberry","url":"https://fieldguide.mt.gov/speciesDetail.aspx?elcode=pdros05010"}],"biome":"meadow"},{"id":"ladybug","name":"Ladybug","scientificName":"Hippodamia convergens","kind":"insect","trophic":"insectivore","rarity":"common","diet":"aphids and other small soft-bodied insects, as both larva and adult","shelter":"Overwinters packed into leaf litter in big huddles; shelters on foliage in summer","preferredHabitat":"Meadows with aphid-bearing plants, especially milkweed","fact":"One ladybug can put away around 5,000 aphids in a lifetime. Pinch it and it bleeds bitter yellow blood out of its knees, which is why most birds spit it straight back out.","role":"Larva and adult both hunt aphids, so a ladybug's whole life runs on an aphid supply — in this meadow, the yellow oleander aphids crowding the milkweed stems. Its bright shell is a warning label and it works on most birds. Mantises and orb weavers are not most birds.","eats":[],"eatsOther":["aphids","scale insects","small soft-bodied insects","thrips"],"eatenBy":["garden-spider","praying-mantis","song-sparrow"],"requirements":{"minHealth":12,"objects":{"clover-patch":1},"hint":"A patch of clover. The aphids arrive on their own, and that is the whole invitation."},"sources":[{"name":"Animal Diversity Web — Hippodamia convergens","url":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Hippodamia_convergens/"},{"name":"UC ANR — Aphid-eating machines","url":"https://ucanr.edu/blog/bug-squad/article/incredible-aphid-eating-machines"}],"biome":"meadow"},{"id":"ground-squirrel","name":"Ground Squirrel","scientificName":"Otospermophilus beecheyi","kind":"mammal","trophic":"omnivore","rarity":"common","diet":"mostly seeds, grasses, flowers and fungi, plus insects like grasshoppers","shelter":"Big multi-entrance burrow systems dug into deep open ground","preferredHabitat":"Open grassy meadow and slopes with a stone wall or bank to keep watch from","fact":"Facing a rattlesnake, this squirrel kicks sand and waves its tail — and pumps hot blood into the tail first, so the snake's heat-sensing pits see a far bigger animal than is really standing there.","role":"A digger and a generalist. It eats seeds, greens, fungi and insects, turns over soil every time it excavates, and the tunnels it abandons become homes for bumble bee queens, garter snakes and foxes. Its colonies are what pull badgers, hawks and coyotes into a meadow in the first place.","eats":["grasshopper"],"eatsOther":["flowers","fruit","grasses","insects","seeds"],"eatenBy":["american-badger","coyote","red-fox","red-tailed-hawk"],"requirements":{"minHealth":14,"objects":{"squirrel-burrow-town":1,"dry-stone-wall":1},"signature":"squirrel-burrow-town","animals":["grasshopper"],"hint":"Deep diggable soil for a burrow town, and a stone wall to stand sentry on."},"sources":[{"name":"PNAS — infrared tail-flagging in ground squirrels","url":"https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.0707286104"},{"name":"The Ethogram — California Ground Squirrel","url":"https://theethogram.com/2020/01/21/creature-feature-california-ground-squirrel/"}],"biome":"meadow"},{"id":"western-meadowlark","name":"Western Meadowlark","scientificName":"Sturnella neglecta","kind":"bird","trophic":"omnivore","rarity":"uncommon","diet":"mostly insects in summer — beetles, grasshoppers, crickets — and seeds in winter","shelter":"A domed grass nest woven on the ground, usually with a covered runway leading in","preferredHabitat":"Wide native grassland with song perches and no shrubs moving in","fact":"A meadowlark weaves a roof over its nest and a covered tunnel leading in, so from above there is nothing to see at all — just grass.","role":"A grassland bird through and through. It eats grasshoppers, crickets and beetles by the hundred all summer and switches to seed in winter, and it needs real open space — as shrubs and trees creep in, meadowlarks quietly vanish. A plump bird that nests on the ground is a favourite of hawks, foxes, badgers and coyotes.","eats":["grasshopper",{"id":"praying-mantis","stage":"young"}],"eatsOther":["ants","beetles","caterpillars","crickets","seeds"],"eatenBy":["american-badger","coyote","red-fox","red-tailed-hawk"],"requirements":{"minHealth":45,"objects":{"domed-grass-nest-tunnel":1,"native-grass-patch":3,"bird-perch":1},"signature":"domed-grass-nest-tunnel","animals":["grasshopper","praying-mantis"],"water":{"tiles":1},"hint":"Wide unbroken native grass and a perch to sing from. Skip the shrubs here — woody cover is exactly what pushes this one out."},"sources":[{"name":"Cornell All About Birds — Western Meadowlark","url":"https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Western_Meadowlark/lifehistory"},{"name":"Audubon Field Guide — Western Meadowlark","url":"https://www.audubon.org/field-guide/bird/western-meadowlark"}],"biome":"meadow"},{"id":"garter-snake","name":"Garter Snake","scientificName":"Thamnophis sirtalis","kind":"reptile","trophic":"mesopredator","rarity":"uncommon","diet":"earthworms, pillbugs, amphibians, slugs, insects and young rodents","shelter":"Shelters under stone walls and logs; winters below the frost line in a communal den","preferredHabitat":"Moist meadow and grassland near sunny stones and water","fact":"Garter snakes spend the whole winter piled together by the dozen in one frost-free hole underground, and come pouring back out of it in a knot in spring.","role":"The meadow's damp-grass hunter — earthworms, pillbugs, frogs, insects and young voles, always within reach of water. It is harmless to people, though a bite can itch. Where it can survive the winter is what decides where it can live at all, so one deep frost-free den matters more than anything else you can build for it.","eats":["grasshopper","prairie-vole","pillbug","praying-mantis","snail","song-sparrow"],"eatsOther":["amphibians","earthworms","slugs"],"eatenBy":["coyote","red-fox","red-tailed-hawk"],"requirements":{"minHealth":20,"objects":{"snake-hibernaculum-meadow":1,"dry-stone-wall":1},"signature":"snake-hibernaculum-meadow","water":{"tiles":2},"animals":["grasshopper","prairie-vole"],"hint":"Water to hunt beside, warm stone to bask on, and a den deep enough to spend the winter below the frost."},"sources":[{"name":"Animal Diversity Web — Thamnophis sirtalis","url":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Thamnophis_sirtalis/"},{"name":"USFWS — Common Gartersnake","url":"https://www.fws.gov/species/common-garter-snake-thamnophis-sirtalis"}],"biome":"meadow"},{"id":"red-fox","name":"Red Fox","scientificName":"Vulpes vulpes","kind":"mammal","trophic":"mesopredator","rarity":"rare","diet":"voles, rabbits, squirrels, birds and insects, rounded out with berries and carrion","shelter":"Enlarges a burrow another animal dug into a natal den; also uses brush and hollows","preferredHabitat":"Meadows, field edges and hedgerows across open country","fact":"A fox listening for a vole under deep grass or snow lines itself up facing magnetic north before it leaps — and the trick only seems to help when it cannot see the prey at all.","role":"A stalk-and-pounce generalist that keeps rodent and rabbit numbers down and fills the gaps with insects, berries and whatever it finds already dead. It rarely digs a den from scratch — it widens an old ground squirrel or badger burrow instead. Great horned owls take its kits, and now that coyotes are back, foxes have to give ground.","eats":["cottontail-rabbit","garter-snake","grasshopper","ground-squirrel","prairie-vole","western-meadowlark","groundhog","song-sparrow"],"eatsOther":["berries","bird eggs","carrion","insects"],"eatenBy":[],"requirements":{"minHealth":65,"minBalance":40,"objects":{"earthen-fox-den":1,"native-grass-patch":2,"brush-pile":1,"oak-tree":1},"signature":"earthen-fox-den","water":{"tiles":1},"animals":["cottontail-rabbit","prairie-vole"],"hint":"This one comes back once the small animals do — and she needs an old burrow she can widen into a nursery."},"sources":[{"name":"Phys.org — magnetic alignment in fox predation (Cerveny et al.)","url":"https://phys.org/news/2011-01-predation-foxes-aided-earth-magnetic.html"},{"name":"Animal Diversity Web — Vulpes vulpes","url":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Vulpes_vulpes/"}],"biome":"meadow"},{"id":"red-tailed-hawk","name":"Red-tailed Hawk","scientificName":"Buteo jamaicensis","kind":"bird","trophic":"apex-predator","rarity":"rare","diet":"mostly small mammals — voles, ground squirrels, rabbits — plus birds and snakes","shelter":"A bulky stick nest in the crown of a tall tree or on a cliff ledge","preferredHabitat":"Open country seen from above: grassland, fields and meadows","fact":"That screaming eagle cry in every film is a red-tailed hawk. Actual bald eagles sound like squeaky gulls, so the movies quietly swapped them.","role":"The daylight hunter over this meadow, either circling on broad flat wings or sitting on a pole staring at the grass. It is heavy and powerful and built for taking prey off the ground — voles, ground squirrels, rabbits, snakes — not for chasing birds through the air. The huge stick nest it builds gets inherited by a great horned owl the very next winter.","eats":["cottontail-rabbit","garter-snake","ground-squirrel","prairie-vole","western-meadowlark","song-sparrow"],"eatsOther":["carrion","mice"],"eatenBy":[],"requirements":{"minHealth":70,"minBalance":40,"objects":{"crown-stick-eyrie":1,"oak-tree":1,"bird-perch":1},"signature":"crown-stick-eyrie","animals":["ground-squirrel","prairie-vole"],"conditions":{"weather":["clear","cloudy"],"dayPhase":["day"]},"hint":"A tall tree crown for the stick nest, open grass to hunt over, and a meadow already full of small mammals. It takes its water from its prey."},"sources":[{"name":"Cornell All About Birds — Red-tailed Hawk","url":"https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Red-tailed_Hawk/lifehistory"},{"name":"Animal Diversity Web — Buteo jamaicensis","url":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Buteo_jamaicensis/"}],"biome":"meadow"},{"id":"minnow","name":"Minnow","scientificName":"Pimephales promelas","kind":"fish","trophic":"herbivore","rarity":"common","diet":"algae, diatoms and plankton sifted off mud, stems and stones, plus detritus and small insect larvae.","shelter":"Reed roots, submerged plant beds, and the shaded underside of sunken wood.","preferredHabitat":"Connected, clean, weedy pools.","fact":"The male minnow scrubs the underside of a sunken slab spotless using a spongy pad on his own back, then guards the eggs the females glue to that ceiling — fanning them day and night until they hatch.","role":"The little silver engine of the marsh. Minnow schools graze algae and plankton and then get eaten by nearly everything with a bill, a beak or a claw — and they give baby mussels a free ride to new water on their gills.","eats":["freshwater-shrimp","water-strider",{"id":"dragonfly","stage":"young"}],"eatsOther":["algae","diatoms","plankton","detritus"],"eatenBy":["bald-eagle","kingfisher","great-blue-heron","merganser","mink","river-otter","snapping-turtle",{"id":"dragonfly","stage":"young"}],"requirements":{"minHealth":28,"objects":{"submerged-spawning-slab":2,"marsh-log":1},"signature":"submerged-spawning-slab","animals":["freshwater-shrimp"],"water":{"tiles":5},"hint":"Clean pools that join up to each other, plus something flat and submerged for the males to glue their eggs underneath."},"sources":[{"name":"Animal Diversity Web — Pimephales promelas","url":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Pimephales_promelas/"},{"name":"Missouri Department of Conservation — Fathead Minnow","url":"https://mdc.mo.gov/discover-nature/field-guide/fathead-minnow"}],"biome":"wetland","aquatic":true},{"id":"beaver","name":"Beaver","scientificName":"Castor canadensis","kind":"mammal","trophic":"herbivore","rarity":"uncommon","diet":"bark and cambium of willow and aspen, plus cattail rhizomes and submerged plants","shelter":"Stick-and-mud lodges with underwater entrances","preferredHabitat":"Slow channels with mud banks and woody plants to fell","fact":"A beaver's front teeth never stop growing and are orange because they are reinforced with iron — living chisels that gnawing keeps sharp. Its lips shut behind those teeth, so it can carry and cut branches underwater without swallowing the pond.","role":"The marsh's engineer, and the turning point of the whole restoration. Fell a few willows, dam a channel, and suddenly there is deep permanent water with drowned trees standing in it — the pond the otter, the merganser, the kingfisher, the heron and the eagle all move in on afterwards.","eats":[],"eatsOther":["willow bark and cambium","aspen","twigs"],"eatenBy":[],"requirements":{"minHealth":38,"objects":{"willow-tree":2,"mud-bank":1,"shallow-water-pool":2},"signature":"willow-tree","water":{"tiles":5},"hint":"Willows to fell and eat, a soft bank to den in, and enough water to float a log. Once it settles, seven new habitats become buildable."},"sources":[{"name":"Animal Diversity Web — Castor canadensis","url":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Castor_canadensis/"},{"name":"US Forest Service — Beaver as ecosystem engineers","url":"https://research.fs.usda.gov/understory/beavers-natures-engineers"}],"biome":"wetland","aquatic":true},{"id":"muskrat","name":"Muskrat","scientificName":"Ondatra zibethicus","kind":"mammal","trophic":"herbivore","rarity":"common","diet":"mainly cattails, bulrush and roots; sometimes freshwater mussels and small fish","shelter":"Dome lodges woven from cattail and reed, and burrows dug into banks","preferredHabitat":"Reedy shallows with abundant cattails","fact":"A muskrat can stay under for a quarter of an hour on one breath, and in midwinter it dives beneath the ice to dig up frozen-in cattail roots and eat them down there in the dark.","role":"The cattail harvester. It clips reeds into lodges and feeding lanes that ducks and herons then hunt along, it feeds the mink, the otter and the eagle, and the bank burrows it abandons are the only homes mink ever move into.","eats":["freshwater-mussel"],"eatsOther":["cattail rhizomes","bulrush","sedge roots"],"eatenBy":["mink","river-otter","bald-eagle"],"requirements":{"minHealth":32,"objects":{"cattail-root-shallows":2,"cattail-stand":2,"mud-bank":1},"signature":"cattail-root-shallows","water":{"tiles":3},"hint":"Cattails to eat and to build lodges from, and shallow water over their roots so it can keep feeding all winter."},"sources":[{"name":"Animal Diversity Web — Ondatra zibethicus","url":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Ondatra_zibethicus/"},{"name":"Illinois DNR — Muskrat","url":"https://dnr.illinois.gov/education/wildaboutpages/wildaboutwildmammals/wildaboutmammalsrodents/wawmmuskrat.html"}],"biome":"wetland","aquatic":true},{"id":"mallard","name":"Mallard","scientificName":"Anas platyrhynchos","kind":"bird","trophic":"herbivore","rarity":"common","diet":"mostly seeds and submerged plants, though hens switch to insect larvae, snails and freshwater shrimp while laying, and ducklings eat almost nothing else at first","shelter":"Ground nests hidden in dense sedge and grass tussocks near water","preferredHabitat":"Calm, plant-rich shallows with tussock cover on the bank","fact":"Mallards sleep with one eye open and half the brain awake. On a raft of sleeping ducks it is the ones on the outside doing the watching — and they swap places so everyone gets a proper nap.","role":"The tail-up dabbler of the shallows, tipping forward to reach seeds and leaves it can't dive for. Hens switch to insects and snails while they are laying, and ducklings eat almost nothing else at first, so a mallard family needs a bug-rich marsh, not just a weedy one.","eats":[],"eatsOther":["seeds","aquatic invertebrates","snails"],"eatenBy":["bald-eagle",{"id":"mink","stage":"young"},{"id":"snapping-turtle","stage":"young"}],"requirements":{"minHealth":25,"objects":{"sedge-tussock":2,"lily-pool":1},"signature":"sedge-tussock","water":{"tiles":3},"hint":"Water shallow enough to tip into headfirst, and thick dry tussocks a few steps up the bank for the hen to hide her nest in."},"sources":[{"name":"Cornell Lab All About Birds — Mallard life history","url":"https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Mallard/lifehistory"},{"name":"Animal Diversity Web — Anas platyrhynchos","url":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Anas_platyrhynchos/"}],"biome":"wetland"},{"id":"painted-turtle","name":"Painted Turtle","scientificName":"Chrysemys picta","kind":"reptile","trophic":"herbivore","rarity":"common","diet":"mostly aquatic plants and algae as an adult; hatchlings and young turtles eat far more insects and carrion","shelter":"Muddy pond bottoms; hauls out onto logs to bask","preferredHabitat":"Still water with basking logs","fact":"A painted turtle spends the entire winter under the ice without taking a breath. It absorbs what oxygen it can through its back end, and when that runs short it dissolves minerals out of its own shell to stay alive until spring.","role":"The marsh's sunbather. A cold turtle cannot digest a thing, so a log in the sun is a feeding requirement rather than a luxury — and as painted turtles grow they flip from hunting insects to grazing plants.","eats":[],"eatsOther":["algae","aquatic plants","carrion","dead fish","insects"],"eatenBy":[{"id":"mink","stage":"young"},{"id":"river-otter","stage":"young"}],"requirements":{"minHealth":45,"objects":{"basking-log":2,"mud-bank":1,"beaver-canal":1},"signature":"basking-log","water":{"tiles":4},"hint":"Still water, a soft mud bottom, and a log tilted up out of the water. No sunny log, no digestion."},"sources":[{"name":"Animal Diversity Web — Chrysemys picta","url":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Chrysemys_picta/"},{"name":"Turtle Guardians — Butt breathers and frogsicles: overwintering herpetofauna","url":"https://www.turtleguardians.com/2024/05/butt-breathers-and-frogsicles-overwintering-herpetofauna-at-their-northern-range-limit/"}],"biome":"wetland","aquatic":true},{"id":"red-winged-blackbird","name":"Red-winged Blackbird","scientificName":"Agelaius phoeniceus","kind":"bird","trophic":"omnivore","rarity":"common","diet":"insects in summer, seeds and grain the rest of the year","shelter":"Cup nests wound around several upright stems standing in water","preferredHabitat":"Dense cattail and reed stands with water underneath","fact":"A male red-wing can switch his scarlet shoulder patches on and off. Flared wide they start fights; tucked away under the black feathers they let him slip through a rival's territory completely unnoticed.","role":"The loudest bird in the marsh and the first one back in spring. It hunts insects all summer and switches to seeds for the rest of the year, and it winds its nest around standing stems with water underneath — a moat the mink will not cross.","eats":["dragonfly","water-strider"],"eatsOther":["seeds","midges","beetles","spiders"],"eatenBy":[{"id":"mink","stage":"young"},{"id":"marsh-wren","stage":"eggs"}],"requirements":{"minHealth":25,"objects":{"flooded-reed-clump":2,"reed-bed":2,"cattail-stand":1},"signature":"flooded-reed-clump","animals":["water-strider"],"water":{"tiles":2},"hint":"Standing stems with water beneath them. The nest is stitched around the reeds and the water underneath is the burglar alarm."},"sources":[{"name":"Cornell Lab All About Birds — Red-winged Blackbird life history","url":"https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Red-winged_Blackbird/lifehistory"},{"name":"Animal Diversity Web — Agelaius phoeniceus","url":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Agelaius_phoeniceus/"}],"biome":"wetland"},{"id":"sandhill-crane","name":"Sandhill Crane","scientificName":"Antigone canadensis","kind":"bird","trophic":"herbivore","rarity":"rare","diet":"grains, tubers, insects, crayfish and small animals","shelter":"Large ground mounds of piled marsh plants standing in shallow water","preferredHabitat":"Broad, quiet, restored marshland","fact":"Cranes dance to choose a partner — leaping, bowing and flinging sticks in the air — and once they pair up they usually stay together for life. Their bugling carries more than two kilometres because the windpipe is coiled up inside the breastbone like a trumpet.","role":"The tallest bird on the marsh and the last one to arrive. Cranes probe the mud for tubers and snap up frogs, crayfish and insects, and they will only settle where the water is wide, quiet and genuinely healthy.","eats":["chorus-frog","crayfish"],"eatsOther":["grain","insects","tubers"],"eatenBy":[],"requirements":{"minHealth":75,"minBalance":45,"objects":{"crane-nest-mound":1,"shallow-water-pool":2,"mud-bank":1},"signature":"crane-nest-mound","animals":["crayfish"],"water":{"tiles":6},"conditions":{"season":["spring","autumn"]},"hint":"This one wants space and quiet. Build a wide, well-balanced marsh and heap a nest mound up above the waterline.","excludes":[]},"sources":[{"name":"Cornell Lab All About Birds — Sandhill Crane life history","url":"https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Sandhill_Crane/lifehistory"},{"name":"International Crane Foundation — Sandhill Crane","url":"https://savingcranes.org/species-field-guide/sandhill-crane/"}],"biome":"wetland"},{"id":"chorus-frog","name":"Chorus Frog","scientificName":"Pseudacris maculata","kind":"amphibian","trophic":"insectivore","rarity":"common","diet":"small insects and other tiny invertebrates","shelter":"Damp litter and loose bark under fallen wood in winter; wet vegetation in summer","preferredHabitat":"Shallow pools ringed with reeds and wet meadow","fact":"A chorus frog freezes solid every winter. Ice fills the spaces around its organs, its heart stops for weeks — and in spring it thaws out and starts singing as though nothing happened. The call sounds exactly like running your thumb along a comb.","role":"Small enough to sit on a coin and loud enough to hear right across the marsh. It mops up tiny insects all summer and then feeds herons, mink, otters and cranes — the most-eaten voice in the wetland.","eats":[],"eatsOther":["midges","small flies","spiders","beetles"],"eatenBy":["great-blue-heron","mink","river-otter","sandhill-crane",{"id":"dragonfly","stage":"young"},{"id":"tiger-salamander","stage":"young"}],"requirements":{"minHealth":30,"objects":{"winter-litter-mound":2,"reed-bed":1,"marsh-marigold":1},"signature":"winter-litter-mound","water":{"tiles":2},"hint":"Shallow water to sing and breed in, and a deep, damp pile of leaves on dry land to spend the winter frozen inside."},"sources":[{"name":"Michigan Natural Features Inventory — Pseudacris maculata","url":"https://mnfi.anr.msu.edu/species/description/10852/Pseudacris-maculata"},{"name":"Montana Field Guide — Boreal Chorus Frog","url":"https://fieldguide.mt.gov/speciesDetail.aspx?elcode=aaabc05130"}],"biome":"wetland"},{"id":"tiger-salamander","name":"Tiger Salamander","scientificName":"Ambystoma tigrinum","kind":"amphibian","trophic":"insectivore","rarity":"uncommon","diet":"worms, insects, freshwater shrimp and other small invertebrates; larvae take tadpoles","shelter":"Damp burrows in soft ground near fishless breeding pools","preferredHabitat":"Fishless seasonal pools with soft banks","fact":"Tiger salamanders spend most of their lives alone underground, then walk back on the first warm rainy night of spring to the exact pool they hatched in — and if that pool starts drying too fast, some larvae grow oversized heads and start eating their own brothers and sisters.","role":"A fat, blotched, black-and-gold hunter that only breeds where fish cannot live. Its larvae race to grow legs before the pool dries, which is a bet they can only win in water no minnow could survive.","eats":["freshwater-shrimp",{"id":"chorus-frog","stage":"young"}],"eatsOther":["worms","insect larvae"],"eatenBy":["great-blue-heron"],"requirements":{"minHealth":48,"objects":{"vernal-pool":2,"mud-bank":1,"marsh-log":1},"signature":"vernal-pool","animals":["freshwater-shrimp","chorus-frog"],"water":{"tiles":2},"excludes":["minnow"],"hint":"Dig the vernal pools well away from the fish pools and let them dry right out in summer. Fish and it larvae cannot share water."},"sources":[{"name":"Animal Diversity Web — Ambystoma tigrinum","url":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Ambystoma_tigrinum/"},{"name":"US Fish & Wildlife Service — Eastern Tiger Salamander","url":"https://www.fws.gov/species/eastern-tiger-salamander-ambystoma-tigrinum"}],"biome":"wetland"},{"id":"dragonfly","name":"Dragonfly","scientificName":"Anax junius","kind":"insect","trophic":"insectivore","rarity":"common","diet":"flying insects as an adult; the underwater nymph takes midge larvae, freshwater shrimp, tadpoles and fish fry","shelter":"Emergent reed stems for the adults; the nymphs live in the water below","preferredHabitat":"Clean open water with emergent stems to climb out on","fact":"Dragonflies catch about 95 out of every 100 things they chase — a better strike rate than a lion, a shark or a falcon. They also see the world in something close to slow motion, which is why swatting one never works.","role":"A hunter with two completely different lives. The nymph spends a year underwater firing out a hinged, grabbing lower lip at tadpoles and fish fry; then it climbs a reed stem, splits its own back open and flies away to hunt mosquitoes over the marsh.","eats":[{"id":"minnow","stage":"young"},"freshwater-shrimp","water-strider",{"id":"chorus-frog","stage":"young"},{"id":"leopard-frog","stage":"young"}],"eatsOther":["midges","mosquitoes","flies"],"eatenBy":[{"id":"minnow","stage":"young"},{"id":"merganser","stage":"young"},"leopard-frog","great-blue-heron","red-winged-blackbird"],"requirements":{"minHealth":26,"objects":{"dragonfly-pond":2,"reed-bed":2,"cattail-stand":1},"signature":"dragonfly-pond","animals":["freshwater-shrimp","water-strider"],"water":{"tiles":3},"hint":"Open, clean water for the nymphs below, and tall stems at the edge for them to climb when it is time to change."},"sources":[{"name":"Natural History Museum — Dragonflies: the ultimate hunters","url":"https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/dragonflies-the-ultimate-hunters.html"},{"name":"Animal Diversity Web — Anax junius","url":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Anax_junius/"}],"biome":"wetland"},{"id":"mink","name":"Mink","scientificName":"Neogale vison","kind":"mammal","trophic":"mesopredator","rarity":"rare","diet":"fish, frogs, crayfish, muskrats, and the eggs and young of marsh birds","shelter":"Bank burrows, usually taken over from muskrats rather than dug","preferredHabitat":"Brushy banks beside busy water","fact":"A mink will chase a fish thirty metres underwater, and it hunts on land, in the water and up trees. What it almost never does is dig — it simply moves into a burrow a muskrat made and does not ask.","role":"A small brown fury with an enormous menu: fish, frogs, crayfish, muskrats, eggs, ducklings, whatever is slowest that day. Its home is always second-hand, so no muskrats usually means no mink no matter how much prey there is.","eats":["minnow","chorus-frog","leopard-frog","muskrat","crayfish",{"id":"painted-turtle","stage":"young"},{"id":"mallard","stage":"young"},{"id":"red-winged-blackbird","stage":"young"},{"id":"merganser","stage":"young"}],"eatsOther":[],"eatenBy":[],"requirements":{"minHealth":65,"objects":{"muskrat-bank-den":1,"mud-bank":1,"reed-bed":1,"beaver-pond":1},"signature":"muskrat-bank-den","water":{"tiles":3},"animals":["minnow","chorus-frog"],"hint":"Water to hunt in, and a bank den — but something else has to dig that den first."},"sources":[{"name":"Animal Diversity Web — American mink","url":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Neovison_vison/"},{"name":"NatureServe Explorer — Neogale vison","url":"https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.791856/Neogale_vison"}],"biome":"wetland","aquatic":true},{"id":"great-blue-heron","name":"Great Blue Heron","scientificName":"Ardea herodias","kind":"bird","trophic":"mesopredator","rarity":"uncommon","diet":"fish, frogs, salamanders, crayfish and large insects","shelter":"Colonial stick nests built high in tall trees and snags near water","preferredHabitat":"Still shallows for slow, patient hunting, with tall nest trees within reach","fact":"A heron's neck has one specially kinked bone in it that works like a loaded spring — the strike is over faster than you can blink, and the fish is caught crosswise in the bill rather than speared.","role":"The tall grey statue of the shallows. It hunts alone but flatly refuses to nest alone, packing dozens of stick nests into one stand of tall trees — and it spends a good part of its life being chased and robbed of its catch by eagles.","eats":["minnow","chorus-frog","leopard-frog","crayfish","dragonfly","tiger-salamander"],"eatsOther":[],"eatenBy":["bald-eagle"],"requirements":{"minHealth":70,"objects":{"heron-rookery":2,"shallow-water-pool":2,"beaver-pond":1},"signature":"heron-rookery","water":{"tiles":6},"animals":["minnow","leopard-frog"],"hint":"Shallow water full of fish and frogs, and a stand of tall trees for the colony. This one nests alongside its own kind or not at all."},"sources":[{"name":"Cornell Lab All About Birds — Great Blue Heron life history","url":"https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Great_Blue_Heron/lifehistory"},{"name":"Audubon Field Guide — Great Blue Heron","url":"https://www.audubon.org/field-guide/bird/great-blue-heron"}],"biome":"wetland"},{"id":"river-otter","name":"River Otter","scientificName":"Lontra canadensis","kind":"mammal","trophic":"apex-predator","rarity":"rare","diet":"fish, crayfish, mussels, frogs and other aquatic animals","shelter":"Bank dens with underwater entrances — usually a beaver's old lodge or burrow","preferredHabitat":"Clean, connected water rich in fish and slow prey","fact":"An otter has around 350,000 hairs packed into every square centimetre of its fur — more than most animals have on their entire body. It is the air trapped in all that fur, not fat, that keeps an otter warm in freezing water.","role":"The best swimmer in the marsh and the top hunter under the surface. Otters need a lot of clean connected water and a den they did not dig themselves, so an otter here means the beaver came back first — and it means the eagles finally have someone worth robbing.","eats":["minnow","crayfish","muskrat","leopard-frog","chorus-frog","freshwater-mussel",{"id":"painted-turtle","stage":"young"},"river-cooter"],"eatsOther":[],"eatenBy":[],"requirements":{"minHealth":78,"objects":{"otter-bank-den":1,"beaver-pond":2,"marsh-log":1},"signature":"otter-bank-den","water":{"tiles":8},"animals":["minnow","crayfish"],"hint":"Lots of connected clean water, plenty of fish and crayfish, and an old beaver-made bank den with an underwater door."},"sources":[{"name":"Animal Diversity Web — Lontra canadensis","url":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Lontra_canadensis/"},{"name":"Mass.gov — Learn about river otters","url":"https://www.mass.gov/info-details/learn-about-river-otters"}],"biome":"wetland","aquatic":true},{"id":"snow-flea","name":"Snow Flea","scientificName":"Hypogastrura nivicola","kind":"invertebrate","trophic":"detritivore","rarity":"common","diet":"dead leaves and stems, fungal threads, pollen, and the pink algae that grow on old snow","shelter":"Wet leaf litter, moss cushions, and the hollow gap between the snowpack and the ground in winter","preferredHabitat":"Damp alpine turf, moss cushions and snowmelt litter, plus the surface of late-lying snow on warm days","fact":"On a mild winter day snow fleas pour out onto the snow in their thousands, like somebody spilled pepper across the drift. Their blood is full of natural antifreeze, so they keep moving when everything else is frozen stiff.","role":"The clean-up crew, and the reason last year's leaves do not simply pile up forever. Snow fleas shred dead stems and graze fungal threads into soil, and they keep at it all winter in the dark gap between the snowpack and the ground. Pipits, finches, chickadees, bluebirds, nutcrackers and toads all snap them up.","eats":[],"eatsOther":["dead leaves and stems","pollen","snow algae"],"eatenBy":["pipit","gray-crowned-rosy-finch","boreal-toad","mountain-chickadee","nutcracker","snow-bunting"],"requirements":{"minHealth":18,"objects":{"snowmelt-litter-mat":1},"hint":"A mat of litter under melting snow is enough to start."},"sources":[{"name":"Britannica — Snow flea","url":"https://www.britannica.com/animal/snow-flea"},{"name":"Hypogastrura nivicola — antifreeze protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypogastrura_nivicola"}],"biome":"alpine"},{"id":"bighorn-sheep","name":"Bighorn Sheep","scientificName":"Ovis canadensis","kind":"mammal","trophic":"herbivore","rarity":"rare","diet":"chiefly grasses and sedges, with forbs and woody browse in winter","shelter":"Beds on rocky ledges and rugged escape terrain near cliffs","preferredHabitat":"Open alpine turf directly beside steep, broken escape cliffs","fact":"Rams charge each other and crash horns hard enough to be heard a mile off. Their skulls are double-layered to take the hit, and a lamb is climbing rock within a day of being born.","role":"A cliff-edge grazer that crops turf on open slopes and never feeds further from broken rock than it can sprint. Mountain lions take adults and lambs, and eagles carry newborn lambs off the ledges.","eats":[],"eatsOther":["alpine grasses","sedges","forbs"],"eatenBy":["golden-eagle","grizzly-bear"],"requirements":{"minHealth":72,"objects":{"escape-cliff":2,"alpine-turf-mat":2,"alpine-mineral-lick":1},"signature":"escape-cliff","water":{"tiles":1},"hint":"Good grazing is only half of it. It will not use a slope it cannot escape from, so put the turf right up against broken cliff — and a mineral lick nearby, because it will travel a long way for salt."},"sources":[{"name":"ADW — Ovis canadensis","url":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Ovis_canadensis/"},{"name":"NWF Wildlife Guide — Bighorn Sheep","url":"https://www.nwf.org/Educational-Resources/Wildlife-Guide/Mammals/bighorn-sheep"}],"biome":"alpine"},{"id":"pika","name":"Pika","scientificName":"Ochotona princeps","kind":"mammal","trophic":"herbivore","rarity":"common","diet":"grasses, forbs, wildflowers and lichen, cut green and dried into winter haypiles","shelter":"Cool gaps deep within talus and broken rock","preferredHabitat":"Deep, stable talus with alpine flower turf right at its edge","fact":"A pika spends its whole summer cutting flowers and grass and stacking them into little haystacks under the rocks, then eats its way through the pile in the dark under the snow.","role":"A hamster-shaped cousin of rabbits that lives in the gaps inside talus and squeaks at anything that comes near. It overheats after an hour of warm sun, so it works at dawn and dusk, and it has already vanished from the lower, hotter rockslides, which makes it the mountain's early warning system. Weasels, martens, foxes, wolverines and eagles all hunt it.","eats":[],"eatsOther":["alpine grasses","forbs","wildflowers"],"eatenBy":["ermine","lynx","golden-eagle","pine-marten","wolverine","grizzly-bear"],"requirements":{"minHealth":30,"objects":{"pika-haypile":1,"talus-pile":3,"alpine-wildflower-patch":1},"signature":"pika-haypile","hint":"Deep talus to vanish into with flowers a short dash away, then a haypile. Without cured hay it cannot last the winter."},"sources":[{"name":"ADW — Ochotona princeps","url":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Ochotona_princeps/"},{"name":"USGS — Pikas and climate","url":"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/fort-collins-science-center/science/american-pika"}],"biome":"alpine"},{"id":"yellow-bellied-marmot","name":"Yellow-bellied Marmot","scientificName":"Marmota flaviventris","kind":"mammal","trophic":"herbivore","rarity":"common","diet":"grasses, flowering plants and seeds, eaten hard through a short summer","shelter":"Deep, many-chambered burrows dug beneath boulders, below the frost line","preferredHabitat":"Open alpine turf broken by boulders, with diggable soil underneath","fact":"A yellow-bellied marmot sleeps for about eight months of the year and wakes up weighing half what it did when it went to bed.","role":"A fat, sun-basking rodent that eats meadow plants flat out through a short summer and whistles from a boulder the moment a shadow crosses. Its old burrows become fox dens, bumble bee nests and toad hideouts, so a surprising amount of the mountain depends on its digging. Eagles, foxes, martens, wolverines and lions hunt it.","eats":[],"eatsOther":["alpine grasses","forbs","seeds"],"eatenBy":["golden-eagle","lynx","pine-marten","wolverine","grizzly-bear"],"requirements":{"minHealth":35,"objects":{"boulder-burrow-den":1,"alpine-turf-mat":2,"talus-pile":1},"signature":"boulder-burrow-den","conditions":{"season":["spring","summer"]},"hint":"Soil deep enough to dig, a boulder to dig under, and a lot of green within waddling distance. Do not go looking after early autumn, because it is underground until spring."},"sources":[{"name":"ADW — Marmota flaviventris","url":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Marmota_flaviventris/"},{"name":"NPS — Yellow-bellied yellow-bellied-marmot","url":"https://www.nps.gov/romo/learn/nature/yellow-bellied-marmot.htm"}],"biome":"alpine"},{"id":"snowshoe-hare","name":"Snowshoe Hare","scientificName":"Lepus americanus","kind":"mammal","trophic":"herbivore","rarity":"uncommon","diet":"green plants in summer; willow and juniper twigs, buds, bark and conifer needles in winter","shelter":"Shallow 'forms' scraped under dense shrubs and low conifer branches","preferredHabitat":"Dense krummholz, juniper and willow thickets at and just below treeline","fact":"The hare changes colour by the calendar, not the weather. Shortening days flip its coat white whether the snow has turned up or not, so a warm autumn can leave a white hare sitting on brown ground.","role":"A browsing hare of thick treeline cover with back feet like snowshoes that hold it up on top of drifts. It freezes rather than runs, so tangled low cover is everything to it, and willow twigs get it through the winter. Martens, foxes, eagles, wolverines and lions all hunt it.","eats":[],"eatsOther":["willow twigs","juniper foliage","conifer needles","bark","summer greens"],"eatenBy":["pine-marten","golden-eagle","lynx","wolverine","grizzly-bear"],"requirements":{"minHealth":40,"objects":{"juniper-thicket":2,"willow-basin-thicket":1,"krummholz-bed-hollow":1},"signature":"juniper-thicket","hint":"Low tangled cover it can freeze motionless inside, a scraped hollow under the krummholz to sit out the day, and willow to browse in winter. Open ground with a rock pile on it is the opposite of what it wants. It eats snow instead of drinking."},"sources":[{"name":"ADW — Lepus americanus","url":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Lepus_americanus/"},{"name":"USDA Forest Service FEIS — Lepus americanus","url":"https://research.fs.usda.gov/feis/species-reviews/leam"}],"biome":"alpine"},{"id":"white-tailed-ptarmigan","name":"White-tailed Ptarmigan","scientificName":"Lagopus leucura","kind":"bird","trophic":"herbivore","rarity":"uncommon","diet":"buds, twigs, leaves, seeds and flowers; in winter almost entirely willow buds and twigs","shelter":"Camouflaged ground scrapes among lichen-covered rock, and burrows dug into soft snow to roost","preferredHabitat":"Alpine tundra above treeline year-round, dropping into sheltered willow basins in winter","fact":"It grows feathers on its feet for winter, built-in snowshoes, and then dives into a snowdrift to sleep, because inside the drift it is far warmer than out in the wind.","role":"A grouse that spends its entire life above the trees, mottled brown in summer and pure white in winter and so well hidden that people walk within a metre without seeing one. Willow buds are almost its whole winter diet. Eagles, foxes, weasels, martens and wolverines hunt it and its chicks.","eats":[],"eatsOther":["willow buds and twigs","alpine forbs","seeds","insects"],"eatenBy":["ermine","lynx","golden-eagle","pine-marten","wolverine","peregrine-falcon"],"requirements":{"minHealth":45,"objects":{"snowbank-roost":1,"willow-basin-thicket":2,"scree-slope":1},"signature":"snowbank-roost","hint":"Willow is the whole winter for this one, and a soft deep drift is its bedroom. It eats snow instead of drinking, and it has no use at all for a flower planter."},"sources":[{"name":"All About Birds — White-tailed Ptarmigan life history","url":"https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/White-tailed_Ptarmigan/lifehistory"},{"name":"ADW — Lagopus leucura","url":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Lagopus_leucura/"}],"biome":"alpine"},{"id":"alpine-butterfly","name":"Alpine Butterfly","scientificName":"Parnassius smintheus","kind":"insect","trophic":"herbivore","rarity":"common","diet":"stonecrop as a caterpillar, then nectar from stonecrop and daisies as an adult","shelter":"No nest — the caterpillar develops fully inside the egg and overwinters there, hatching at snowmelt","preferredHabitat":"Rocky open alpine and subalpine slopes where stonecrop grows between the stones","fact":"Its wings are almost see-through, like waxed paper held up to the light, and the red spots are a warning. Birds that try one usually spit it straight back out.","role":"A butterfly that flies in air most insects cannot manage. Its caterpillars eat stonecrop and absolutely nothing else, so the butterfly only lives where the stonecrop does, while the adults drift between meadow flowers for nectar. Pipits and bluebirds still catch a few.","eats":[],"eatsOther":["stonecrop leaves","nectar"],"eatenBy":["white-throated-swift","pipit"],"requirements":{"minHealth":25,"objects":{"stonecrop-patch":2,"gentian-patch":1,"scree-slope":1},"signature":"stonecrop-patch","hint":"Nectar keeps the adults hanging around. Stonecrop is what keeps them for good. Plant flowers without the caterpillar's one food plant and all you get is visitors."},"sources":[{"name":"Butterflies and Moths of North America — Parnassius smintheus","url":"https://www.butterfliesandmoths.org/species/Parnassius-smintheus"},{"name":"Washington Butterfly Association — Mountain Parnassian","url":"https://wabutterflyassoc.org/species-profile-mountain-parnassian-parnassius-smintheus/"}],"biome":"alpine"},{"id":"alpine-moth","name":"Alpine Moth","scientificName":"Euxoa auxiliaris","kind":"insect","trophic":"herbivore","rarity":"common","diet":"flower nectar as an adult, drunk after dark; leaves and roots down in the lowlands as a caterpillar","shelter":"Packed by the thousand into cracks under scree slabs, out of the sun and the wind","preferredHabitat":"High rockslides beside flower turf — but only in summer; it spends the rest of the year far below","fact":"Every summer millions of these moths fly up out of the lowlands and hide in the rock on the highest peaks. They are so fatty that a bear will spend all day flipping stones to eat them, and can put away forty thousand moths in a single day.","role":"The mountain's fuel delivery. The moths fatten on lowland flowers, then migrate hundreds of kilometres uphill to sit out the summer in the cold rock, and every one arrives as a little parcel of fat richer than anything else growing up here. Bears, birds and just about everything that hunts a rockslide feeds on them. At night they come out to drink nectar and pollinate high-country flowers; by dawn they are back under the slabs. Break up the loose rock and the whole larder goes with it.","eats":[],"eatsOther":["nectar","pollen","leaves and roots as a caterpillar"],"eatenBy":["white-throated-swift","black-swift","grizzly-bear"],"requirements":{"minHealth":38,"objects":{"moth-scree-crack":1,"alpine-wildflower-patch":2,"gentian-patch":1},"signature":"moth-scree-crack","conditions":{"season":["summer"]},"hint":"Flowers to drink from at night and loose slabs to hide under by day. It only shows up in high summer — the rest of the year it is a caterpillar a long way downhill."},"sources":[{"name":"USGS Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center — Army Cutworm Moth Aggregation Sites","url":"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/norock/science/army-cutworm-moth-aggregation-sites"},{"name":"NPS — Army Cutworm Moths","url":"https://www.nps.gov/articles/army-cutworm-moths.htm"}],"biome":"alpine"},{"id":"rock-squirrel","name":"Rock Squirrel","scientificName":"Callospermophilus lateralis","kind":"mammal","trophic":"omnivore","rarity":"common","diet":"seeds, berries and green shoots, plus underground fungi, insects and the occasional egg","shelter":"A burrow driven in under a boulder or a fallen log, with a grass-lined sleeping chamber at the far end","preferredHabitat":"Sunny rocky slopes, talus edges and open dwarf-pine ground at and above the tree line","fact":"Everyone calls it a giant chipmunk, but look at its face — no stripes on the cheeks. And it does not just nap through winter: it cools until its body is barely above freezing and its heart slows to a few beats a minute.","role":"A stripe-backed seed machine that spends the short summer eating itself round, then vanishes underground for half the year. It buries seeds all over the slope and forgets enough of them to replant it, and it digs up and eats underground fungi, so the spores ride through its gut and get planted somewhere new. Ermines, martens, lynx and eagles all hunt it, and the tunnels it abandons become shelter for toads and beetles.","eats":[],"eatsOther":["seeds","berries","insects","bird eggs"],"eatenBy":["ermine","lynx","pine-marten","golden-eagle","grizzly-bear"],"requirements":{"minHealth":35,"objects":{"winter-sleep-burrow":1,"krummholz-pine":1},"signature":"winter-sleep-burrow","conditions":{"season":["spring","summer","fall"]},"hint":"It is only above ground for half the year, so look for it in the warm months. Seed-heavy flowers to fatten on, rock to duck into, and diggable ground under a boulder for the long sleep."},"sources":[{"name":"Animal Diversity Web — Callospermophilus lateralis","url":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Callospermophilus_lateralis/"},{"name":"Montana Field Guide — Golden-mantled Ground Squirrel","url":"https://fieldguide.mt.gov/speciesDetail.aspx?elcode=AMAFB05010"}],"biome":"alpine"},{"id":"nutcracker","name":"Nutcracker","scientificName":"Nucifraga columbiana","kind":"bird","trophic":"omnivore","rarity":"uncommon","diet":"whitebark and limber pine seeds cached by the thousand, plus insects and small animals","shelter":"Cup nest in a conifer, sited near the winter seed caches","preferredHabitat":"Treeline conifer forest and krummholz within reach of pine-seed sources","fact":"One bird buries tens of thousands of pine seeds in a single autumn and can still find them months later under snow, navigating by rocks and logs it has memorised like landmarks on a map.","role":"A crow-family bird with a deal running with the whitebark pine. The cones never open by themselves, so nearly every young whitebark on the mountain grew from a seed this bird buried and never came back for. It carries seeds in a pouch under its tongue, breeds in late winter off its hoard, and takes insects and small animals besides. Martens and eagles catch it.","eats":["snow-flea"],"eatsOther":["whitebark pine seeds","conifer seeds","insects"],"eatenBy":["pine-marten","golden-eagle"],"requirements":{"minHealth":50,"objects":{"whitebark-cache":2,"krummholz-pine":2,"subalpine-fir":1},"signature":"whitebark-cache","animals":["snow-flea"],"hint":"It needs a seed bank it can find again under the snow. Build the caches, and the pines it forgets to dig up become next year's forest."},"sources":[{"name":"All About Birds — Clark's Nutcracker life history","url":"https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Clarks_Nutcracker/lifehistory"},{"name":"ADW — Nucifraga columbiana","url":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Nucifraga_columbiana/"}],"biome":"alpine"},{"id":"gray-crowned-rosy-finch","name":"Gray-crowned Rosy-Finch","scientificName":"Leucosticte tephrocotis","kind":"bird","trophic":"omnivore","rarity":"uncommon","diet":"tiny alpine plant seeds and insects, often gleaned off the surface of snowfields","shelter":"Bulky cup of moss and grass wedged deep into a cliff crack or a hole in talus","preferredHabitat":"Above treeline: talus, scree, cliff faces and the edges of permanent snow","fact":"It nests higher than almost any other songbird here, jammed into cracks in cliffs and rockslides where nothing else will build at all.","role":"A pink-brown finch that hops across snowfields picking up wind-blown seeds and insects the cold has knocked flat. It can only breed where the rock has real cracks in it, so cliffs matter to it even more than food does. Eagles and ermines take it.","eats":["snow-flea"],"eatsOther":["alpine seeds","wind-blown insects"],"eatenBy":["golden-eagle","ermine","peregrine-falcon"],"requirements":{"minHealth":50,"objects":{"cliff-nest-niche":2,"scree-slope":2,"crystal-spring":1},"signature":"cliff-nest-niche","animals":["snow-flea"],"hint":"Rock with cracks in it, not a heap of stones. This one nests inside the cliff, feeds out across the scree, and drinks meltwater."},"sources":[{"name":"All About Birds — Gray-crowned Rosy-Finch life history","url":"https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Gray-crowned_Rosy-Finch/lifehistory"},{"name":"USFWS — Gray-crowned Rosy-Finch","url":"https://www.fws.gov/species/grey-crowned-rosy-finch-leucosticte-tephrocotis"}],"biome":"alpine"},{"id":"pipit","name":"Pipit","scientificName":"Anthus rubescens","kind":"bird","trophic":"insectivore","rarity":"common","diet":"mostly insects, springtails, spiders and their larvae, plus some seeds","shelter":"Ground nest of grass tucked into the turf beside a rock or a tussock","preferredHabitat":"Open alpine turf and fellfield, especially along the edges of melting snow","fact":"Wind sweeps insects up off the lowlands and dumps them on the snowfields, chilled and helpless. The pipit walks the edge of the melting snow eating a meal the weather delivered uphill.","role":"A slim brown ground-walker that bobs its tail non-stop as it hunts across open turf. It nests in a scrape tucked beside a rock and feeds heavily on that stranded insect fallout, one of the strangest free lunches in the mountains. Foxes and ermines take it and its ground nests.","eats":["snow-flea",{"id":"alpine-butterfly","stage":"young"}],"eatsOther":["spiders","beetles","flies"],"eatenBy":["ermine"],"requirements":{"minHealth":42,"objects":{"snowfield-debris-line":1,"alpine-turf-mat":2,"moss-cushion":1},"signature":"snowfield-debris-line","animals":["snow-flea","alpine-butterfly"],"water":{"tiles":1},"hint":"Open turf to walk and nest in, and a lingering snowbank with a dark line of debris along its edge. That stripe is the dinner table."},"sources":[{"name":"Birds of the World — American Pipit food habits","url":"https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/amepip/cur/foodhabits"},{"name":"Audubon Field Guide — American Pipit","url":"https://www.audubon.org/field-guide/bird/pipit"}],"biome":"alpine"},{"id":"boreal-toad","name":"Boreal Toad","scientificName":"Anaxyrus boreas","kind":"amphibian","trophic":"insectivore","rarity":"uncommon","diet":"beetles, ants, flies, springtails and other invertebrates; tadpoles graze algae","shelter":"Rodent burrows, rock chambers and damp cover above the breeding pools","preferredHabitat":"Subalpine and alpine wet meadows with shallow, sun-warmed, fish-free breeding pools","fact":"It spends September to May underground, then comes out and breeds in pools that were solid ice a few weeks earlier.","role":"The only toad living this high. Adults eat insects by the thousand and the tadpoles graze algae in shallow, sun-warmed pools, and almost nothing eats them because their skin tastes foul. What actually threatens this toad is a skin fungus and trout stocked into lakes that never had fish.","eats":["snow-flea"],"eatsOther":["beetles","ants","flies"],"eatenBy":[],"requirements":{"minHealth":45,"objects":{"toad-upland-burrow":1,"snowmelt-pool":3,"crystal-spring":1},"signature":"toad-upland-burrow","animals":["snow-flea"],"water":{"tiles":5},"conditions":{"season":["spring","summer"]},"hint":"Shallow warm pools to breed in and a burrow to spend the other eight months of the year in. Keep the pools fishless, because stocked trout are the single biggest reason high-country amphibians disappear."},"sources":[{"name":"USDA Forest Service FEIS — Anaxyrus boreas","url":"https://research.fs.usda.gov/feis/species-reviews/anbo"},{"name":"NPS Rocky Mountain NP — Where do boreal toads spend the winter?","url":"https://www.nps.gov/romo/boreal_toad_night.htm"},{"name":"Colorado Parks and Wildlife — Boreal Toad","url":"https://cpw.state.co.us/species/boreal-toad"}],"biome":"alpine"},{"id":"white-throated-swift","name":"White-throated Swift","scientificName":"Aeronautes saxatalis","kind":"bird","trophic":"insectivore","rarity":"common","diet":"flying insects only — moths, beetles, flies and drifting swarms of ants, all taken in mid-air","shelter":"A cup of feathers glued with its own spit into a narrow crack in a cliff face","preferredHabitat":"Sheer cliffs and broken crags with a lot of open air in front of them to hunt in","fact":"It does everything in the air. It eats in the air, drinks in the air, and pairs mate in mid-air — locking together and tumbling hundreds of feet down the cliff face before they let go.","role":"A blade-shaped bird that lives in the sky above the mountain, hoovering up moths, beetles and whatever else the wind lifts, at speeds that make it one of the fastest birds alive in level flight. Its feet only cling, never perch, so it has to fold itself into a crack in a cliff at night, and it sticks the nest in place with its own saliva. Because it eats only what is flying, a swift working the ridge is proof the insect life below has come back. Almost nothing is quick enough to catch one.","eats":["alpine-moth","alpine-butterfly"],"eatsOther":["flying ants","beetles","flies","aphids on the wind"],"eatenBy":[],"requirements":{"minHealth":60,"objects":{"swift-cliff-seam":1,"alpine-turf-mat":2,"scree-slope":1},"signature":"swift-cliff-seam","animals":["alpine-butterfly","alpine-moth"],"water":{"tiles":1},"hint":"A narrow crack in a cliff to sleep in and a lot of open air in front of it. It never lands to feed and it drinks on the wing, so any pool it can skim will do."},"sources":[{"name":"All About Birds — White-throated Swift","url":"https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/White-throated_Swift/lifehistory"},{"name":"Audubon Field Guide — White-throated Swift","url":"https://www.audubon.org/field-guide/bird/white-throated-swift"}],"biome":"alpine"},{"id":"mountain-chickadee","name":"Mountain Chickadee","scientificName":"Poecile gambeli","kind":"bird","trophic":"insectivore","rarity":"common","diet":"insects, spiders and bark-beetle larvae in summer; cached conifer seeds in fall and winter","shelter":"Existing cavities in dead conifers — old woodpecker holes, or soft rotten wood it can enlarge","preferredHabitat":"Treeline conifer forest of fir and whitebark pine with standing dead trees","fact":"It hides thousands of seeds one at a time and remembers where they are. The part of its brain that does the remembering actually grows bigger in autumn.","role":"The small busy bird that seems to be everywhere in the last trees, hanging upside down off twigs after insects and beetle grubs and switching to hidden seeds in winter. It can only nest where the wood has already gone soft, so dead trees are not mess, they are the nursery. Weasels, foxes and martens take it.","eats":["snow-flea"],"eatsOther":["bark-beetle larvae","spiders","conifer seeds"],"eatenBy":["ermine","pine-marten"],"requirements":{"minHealth":52,"objects":{"whitebark-pine":2,"old-woodpecker-cavity":2},"signature":"old-woodpecker-cavity","animals":["snow-flea"],"hint":"Dead trees are the point. An old woodpecker hole is both shelter and a starting place — this one takes a ready-made cavity and works it wider. The whitebark pines come from its forgotten seeds."},"sources":[{"name":"All About Birds — Mountain Chickadee life history","url":"https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Mountain_Chickadee/lifehistory"},{"name":"ADW — Poecile gambeli","url":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Parus_gambeli/"}],"biome":"alpine"},{"id":"lynx","name":"Lynx","scientificName":"Lynx canadensis","kind":"mammal","trophic":"mesopredator","rarity":"rare","diet":"snowshoe hares above all — sometimes almost nothing else — plus white-tailed ptarmigan, ground squirrels and young marmots","shelter":"A hollow under boulders, roots or deadfall, often a burrow something else started and it widened","preferredHabitat":"High snowy country with thickets of dwarf conifer where hares can hide and lynx can wait for them","fact":"A lynx weighs about as much as a border collie, but its paws are as wide as a mountain lion's. They spread as it steps, so it walks on top of snow a fox would sink straight through.","role":"The mountain's hare specialist, and almost nothing else will do. When hares are everywhere, lynx are everywhere; when the hares crash a few years later, the lynx crash right behind them, and the whole thing swings back and forth on roughly a ten-year beat. It hunts by sitting perfectly still in the thickets and letting the hare come to it, so low tangled cover matters more to it than open ground. It rarely digs, moving instead into a hollow under rock that somebody else opened up. Eagles take its kittens.","eats":["snowshoe-hare","white-tailed-ptarmigan","rock-squirrel","pika",{"id":"yellow-bellied-marmot","stage":"young"}],"eatsOther":["voles","grouse","carrion"],"eatenBy":[{"id":"golden-eagle","stage":"young"}],"requirements":{"minHealth":65,"objects":{"inherited-earth-den":1,"krummholz-pine":2,"talus-pile":2},"signature":"inherited-earth-den","animals":["snowshoe-hare","white-tailed-ptarmigan"],"water":{"tiles":1},"hint":"No hares, nothing doing — it really is that simple. Get the dwarf-pine thickets back so hares have somewhere to hide, and it will move into a hollow under the rocks that something else dug."},"sources":[{"name":"Animal Diversity Web — Lynx canadensis","url":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Lynx_canadensis/"},{"name":"USFWS — Canada Lynx","url":"https://www.fws.gov/species/canada-lynx-lynx-canadensis"}],"biome":"alpine"},{"id":"pine-marten","name":"Pine Marten","scientificName":"Martes americana","kind":"mammal","trophic":"mesopredator","rarity":"rare","diet":"voles, red squirrels, pikas, hares, birds, eggs, insects and berries","shelter":"Dens in hollow logs, tree cavities and rock crevices, usually under deep snow","preferredHabitat":"Structurally complex treeline forest with big trees, dead wood and rock","fact":"In winter a marten hunts inside the snowpack, in the hollow spaces between the drifts and the ground, where nothing else its size can follow it.","role":"A cat-sized weasel equally at home in the treetops and the snow tunnels, hunting voles, pikas, young hares and birds, with berries in late summer. Structure is what it needs above everything else, so a cleared slope empties of martens even while the prey is still there. Eagles catch it.","eats":["pika","snowshoe-hare","rock-squirrel","white-tailed-ptarmigan","mountain-chickadee","ermine",{"id":"yellow-bellied-marmot","stage":"young"},{"id":"nutcracker","stage":"eggs"}],"eatsOther":["voles","red squirrels","berries"],"eatenBy":["golden-eagle"],"requirements":{"minHealth":65,"objects":{"treeline-log-den":1,"subalpine-fir":3,"whitebark-pine":1},"signature":"treeline-log-den","animals":["snowshoe-hare","pika"],"hint":"You cannot build this one's habitat out of rocks and flowers. It needs a stand of real trees, dead wood on the ground, and hares already living there."},"sources":[{"name":"ADW — Martes americana","url":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Martes_americana/"},{"name":"Alaska Department of Fish and Game — American marten","url":"https://www.adfg.alaska.gov/index.cfm?adfg=americanmarten.main"}],"biome":"alpine"},{"id":"ermine","name":"Ermine","scientificName":"Mustela richardsonii","kind":"mammal","trophic":"mesopredator","rarity":"rare","diet":"small rodents, especially voles; also young pikas, birds, eggs and insects","shelter":"Dens taken over from its prey — rodent burrows and rock crevices, relined with the previous owner's fur","preferredHabitat":"Talus and heath edges beside turf with dense rodent prey, used all year round","fact":"An ermine turns pure white in winter except for the black tip of its tail, and it is narrow enough to chase a vole down the vole's own tunnel.","role":"A weasel shaped like a furry pencil, living mostly on voles and mice and taking young pikas, nestlings and eggs besides. It builds nothing. It moves into the burrow of whatever it has just eaten and lines the nest with the previous owner's fur. It is here in every season, not only in the snow. Foxes, martens and eagles kill it in turn.","eats":["rock-squirrel","mountain-chickadee","pipit","gray-crowned-rosy-finch",{"id":"pika","stage":"young"},{"id":"white-tailed-ptarmigan","stage":"eggs"},"snow-bunting"],"eatsOther":["voles","mice","insects"],"eatenBy":["pine-marten","golden-eagle"],"requirements":{"minHealth":55,"objects":{"fur-lined-prey-den":1,"talus-pile":2,"alpine-turf-mat":1},"signature":"fur-lined-prey-den","animals":["rock-squirrel","pika"],"hint":"It moves into a burrow it has just emptied, so bring the small rodents back first."},"sources":[{"name":"ADW — Mustela richardsonii (American ermine)","url":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Mustela_richardsonii/"},{"name":"Idaho Fish and Game species catalog — ermine","url":"https://idfg.idaho.gov/species/taxa/17667"}],"biome":"alpine"},{"id":"golden-eagle","name":"Golden Eagle","scientificName":"Aquila chrysaetos","kind":"bird","trophic":"apex-predator","rarity":"rare","diet":"marmots, hares, ground squirrels, white-tailed ptarmigan and other birds, plus carrion","shelter":"Huge stick eyries built on sheer cliff ledges and reused for decades","preferredHabitat":"Open, high country with big cliffs to nest on and plenty of medium-sized prey","fact":"A hunting golden eagle drops out of the sky at over 240 kilometres an hour, and its eyesight is sharp enough to pick a yellow-bellied marmot out of a boulder field from a kilometre up.","role":"The hunter that owns the air up here, taking marmots, hares and white-tailed ptarmigan in long stooping dives and killing smaller predators outright when it gets the chance. It takes newborn lambs, kids and fox cubs, but not adult sheep or goats. Its huge stick eyrie on a cliff ledge gets added to and reused for decades. Adults have nothing above them.","eats":["yellow-bellied-marmot","snowshoe-hare","pika","white-tailed-ptarmigan","rock-squirrel","ermine","pine-marten","gray-crowned-rosy-finch","nutcracker",{"id":"bighorn-sheep","stage":"young"},{"id":"mountain-goat","stage":"young"},{"id":"lynx","stage":"young"},"peregrine-falcon"],"eatsOther":["carrion","ground squirrels"],"eatenBy":[],"requirements":{"minHealth":78,"minBalance":45,"objects":{"cliff-eyrie":1,"alpine-turf-mat":2,"scree-slope":1},"signature":"cliff-eyrie","animals":["yellow-bellied-marmot","snowshoe-hare"],"hint":"This one comes last, when the mountain is properly alive again. It needs a real cliff for the eyrie and open ground below with plenty moving on it."},"sources":[{"name":"All About Birds — Golden Eagle life history","url":"https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Golden_Eagle/lifehistory"},{"name":"Birds of the World — Golden Eagle food habits","url":"https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/goleag/cur/foodhabits"}],"biome":"alpine"},{"id":"purple-sea-urchin","name":"Purple Sea Urchin","scientificName":"Strongylocentrotus purpuratus","kind":"invertebrate","trophic":"herbivore","rarity":"common","diet":"living kelp and surfgrass, drift kelp, and encrusting coralline algae","shelter":"Pits it grinds into the rock itself with its teeth and spines","preferredHabitat":"Wave-exposed low intertidal and shallow subtidal rock near kelp","fact":"A purple urchin chews a pit into solid rock with five teeth and then sits in it for years. On some reefs the urchins wear away more stone than the waves do.","role":"The grazer at the middle of this coast's most famous story. Fed on scraps of drift kelp and kept in check by otters, urchins are just one more part of a healthy forest. Take the predators away and they march up the rock, mow the kelp to bare stone, and leave an urchin barren behind them.","eats":[],"eatsOther":["drift kelp","coralline algae"],"eatenBy":["sea-otter","sea-star","octopus"],"requirements":{"minHealth":35,"objects":{"urchin-crevice-pit":1,"surfgrass-bed":1},"signature":"urchin-crevice-pit","water":{"ocean":3},"animals":[],"hint":"Kelp first — it has to have something to eat. Then think hard about what is going to eat it."},"sources":[{"name":"Animal Diversity Web — Strongylocentrotus purpuratus","url":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Strongylocentrotus_purpuratus/"},{"name":"MARINe (UC Santa Cruz) — Strongylocentrotus","url":"https://marine.ucsc.edu/target/strongylocentrotus/"}],"biome":"coastal","ocean":true},{"id":"anchovy","name":"Anchovy","scientificName":"Engraulis mordax","kind":"fish","trophic":"filter-feeder","rarity":"common","diet":"plankton — copepods, diatoms and larvae — strained from the water or picked one at a time","shelter":"The school itself; open nearshore water, with kelp and surfgrass edges as nursery cover","preferredHabitat":"Cool, plankton-rich nearshore water over the shelf","fact":"An anchovy eats two ways: it snaps at big prey one bite at a time, or just opens its mouth and swims, straining the sea like a living net.","role":"Anchovies travel in silver schools so thick they turn the water dark from below. Almost everything that hunts here takes them at some point — pelicans, seals, dolphins, gulls — so when the anchovies fail, the whole coast goes hungry at once.","eats":[],"eatsOther":["copepods","diatoms","krill"],"eatenBy":["brown-pelican","harbor-seal","gull","bottlenose-dolphin","puffin"],"requirements":{"minHealth":30,"objects":{"nearshore-spawning-shallows":1,"surfgrass-bed":1},"signature":"nearshore-spawning-shallows","water":{"ocean":8,"deep":true},"hint":"Cold water rising from the deep grows the plankton they eat, and quiet shallows give the schools somewhere to spawn."},"sources":[{"name":"Animal Diversity Web — Engraulis mordax","url":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Engraulis_mordax/"},{"name":"NOAA Fisheries — Northern Anchovy","url":"https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/species/anchovy"}],"biome":"coastal","ocean":true},{"id":"beach-hopper","name":"Beach Hopper","scientificName":"Megalorchestia californiana","kind":"invertebrate","trophic":"detritivore","rarity":"common","diet":"decaying kelp and other stranded seaweed in the wrack line","shelter":"Burrows dug in damp sand high on the beach, and the damp underside of drift kelp and driftwood","preferredHabitat":"Gently sloping sandy beach with an undisturbed wrack line","fact":"Beach hoppers spend all day sealed inside a burrow in dry sand, then pour out after dark to shred the seaweed the tide left behind. Step near one and it fires itself into the air like a flicked pebble.","role":"The engine room of the beach. Hoppers chew stranded kelp down into crumbs and nutrients, and in doing so they turn dead seaweed into bird food — which is the entire reason plovers, sanderlings and gulls patrol the tide line. Rake the wrack away and this link vanishes overnight.","eats":[],"eatsOther":["drift kelp","stranded seaweed","beach wrack"],"eatenBy":["snowy-plover","sanderling","gull","crow"],"requirements":{"minHealth":12,"objects":{"kelp-wrack":1},"hint":"Leave the seaweed where the tide drops it. That is the whole meal."},"sources":[{"name":"iNaturalist — Megalorchestia californiana","url":"https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/63287-Megalorchestia-californiana"},{"name":"California Conservation Genomics Project — Megalorchestia californiana","url":"https://www.ccgproject.org/species/megalorchestia-californiana"}],"biome":"coastal"},{"id":"hermit-crab","name":"Hermit Crab","scientificName":"Pagurus samuelis","kind":"invertebrate","trophic":"detritivore","rarity":"common","diet":"algae, detritus, and scavenged carrion","shelter":"Borrowed empty snail shells","preferredHabitat":"Tidepools and low rock benches with a supply of empty snail shells","fact":"Hermit crabs queue up by size and swap houses in a chain: the biggest one moves into the new shell, the next takes the house it left, and so on all the way down the line until the smallest crab gets an upgrade.","role":"A tidepool tidier that grazes algae and cleans up dead things — and one of the shore's great recyclers, since every shell it wears is the leftover of a snail. What limits hermit crabs is almost never food. It is houses.","eats":[],"eatsOther":["algae","detritus","carrion"],"eatenBy":["black-turnstone","gull"],"requirements":{"minHealth":35,"objects":{"empty-shell-drift":2,"low-tide-rock-bench":1,"sheltered-cobble-field":1},"signature":"empty-shell-drift","water":{"ocean":2},"hint":"A pool is not enough. Leave a supply of empty snail shells, or there is nothing to move into."},"sources":[{"name":"iNaturalist — Pagurus samuelis","url":"https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/49095-Pagurus-samuelis"},{"name":"Monterey Bay Aquarium — Hermit crabs","url":"https://www.montereybayaquarium.org/animals-the-ocean/animals-a-to-z/hermit-crab"}],"biome":"coastal","ocean":true},{"id":"bat-star","name":"Bat Star","scientificName":"Patiria miniata","kind":"invertebrate","trophic":"detritivore","rarity":"common","diet":"algae, detritus, and dead plants and animals","shelter":"Rocky rubble bottoms, surfgrass beds and kelp holdfasts","preferredHabitat":"Shallow rocky and rubble bottom with surfgrass or kelp","fact":"A bat star eats by pushing its stomach out through its mouth and spreading it over its meal, digesting food outside its own body. It also refuses to stick to five arms — four to nine is perfectly normal.","role":"The cleanup crew of the shallows. It slides over the seafloor digesting algae, scraps and dead animals exactly where they lie, doing the same job a mushroom or an earthworm does on land — just wetter, and with more arms.","eats":[],"eatsOther":["algae","detritus","carrion","surfgrass leaf litter"],"eatenBy":["gull"],"requirements":{"minHealth":45,"objects":{"subtidal-rubble-flat":2,"surfgrass-bed":1,"low-tide-rock-bench":1},"signature":"subtidal-rubble-flat","water":{"ocean":3},"hint":"Broken rock and rubble with surfgrass streaming over it. This is a rocky-bottom animal, not an eelgrass one."},"sources":[{"name":"Monterey Bay Aquarium — Bat star","url":"https://www.montereybayaquarium.org/animals-the-ocean/animals-a-to-z/bat-star"},{"name":"Animal Diversity Web — Patiria miniata","url":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Patiria_miniata/"}],"biome":"coastal","ocean":true},{"id":"mussel","name":"Mussel","scientificName":"Mytilus californianus","kind":"invertebrate","trophic":"filter-feeder","rarity":"common","diet":"plankton filtered from seawater","shelter":"Dense beds anchored to wave-washed rock by byssal threads","preferredHabitat":"Exposed rocky shore with clean, constantly moving water","fact":"A mussel glues itself to the rock with threads it spins out of its own foot — and if it does not like where it landed, it cuts them, crawls a little way, and glues itself down again.","role":"A shellfish that builds its own reef. The beds pile up thick enough that hundreds of smaller animals live in the gaps between shells, and half this shore's hunters — sea stars, oystercatchers, turnstones, otters — are really just here for the mussels.","eats":[],"eatsOther":["plankton"],"eatenBy":["sea-star","anemone","black-turnstone","gull","sea-otter","octopus"],"requirements":{"minHealth":28,"objects":{"surge-swept-rock-face":2,"barnacle-crust-rock":1},"signature":"surge-swept-rock-face","water":{"ocean":3},"hint":"A filter feeder needs water that keeps moving. Give it surge-washed rock rather than a still pool, and barnacle crust for the young to settle on."},"sources":[{"name":"Animal Diversity Web — Mytilus californianus","url":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Mytilus_californianus/"},{"name":"Monterey Bay Aquarium — California mussel","url":"https://www.montereybayaquarium.org/animals-the-ocean/animals-a-to-z/california-mussel"}],"biome":"coastal","ocean":true},{"id":"gray-whale","name":"Gray Whale","scientificName":"Eschrichtius robustus","kind":"mammal","trophic":"filter-feeder","rarity":"rare","diet":"bottom-living amphipods and swarming mysid shrimp, sifted through baleen","shelter":"Open ocean; passes close inshore along a healthy coast","preferredHabitat":"Nearshore water with soft-bottom freshwater shrimp beds and mysid swarms at the kelp edge","fact":"Gray whales roll onto one side and vacuum the seafloor, straining out shrimp-like amphipods and leaving long muddy plumes trailing behind them — and they do it at the end of a swim of up to 14,000 miles.","role":"A baleen whale that feeds off the bottom rather than skimming the surface, so a whale that lingers offshore is really a report on the seabed and the kelp edge below it. Adults are far too big to be hunted here; the calves travelling with them in spring are not, and orcas know it.","eats":[],"eatsOther":["benthic amphipods","mysid shrimp"],"eatenBy":["orca"],"requirements":{"minHealth":75,"minBalance":50,"objects":{"benthic-amphipod-bed":2,"nutrient-upwelling-current":1},"signature":"benthic-amphipod-bed","water":{"ocean":14,"deep":true},"hint":"Give this one deep water and a seabed thick with tiny shrimp-like amphipods. Tidepools and dune plantings will never bring it in.","conditions":{"season":["winter","spring"]}},"sources":[{"name":"NOAA Fisheries — Gray Whale","url":"https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/species/gray-whale"},{"name":"Hildebrand et al. 2024, Sci Rep — urchin/kelp cascade and gray whale foraging","url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-59964-x"}],"biome":"coastal","ocean":true},{"id":"brant-goose","name":"Brant Goose","scientificName":"Branta bernicla nigricans","kind":"bird","trophic":"herbivore","rarity":"uncommon","diet":"eelgrass, plus sea lettuce and other green algae","shelter":"Open shoreline, sandbars and shallow bays","preferredHabitat":"Shallow coastal bays with eelgrass beds","fact":"Brant fly thousands of miles to eat basically one thing: eelgrass. Lose the eelgrass in a bay and the geese are gone within a season or two, no matter how nice the rest of it looks.","role":"A small sea goose that grazes eelgrass and green algae in shallow bays and almost nothing else. Because it is so fussy, a bay full of brant is a bay with healthy seagrass — they are a living gauge of the meadow below them.","eats":[],"eatsOther":["eelgrass","sea lettuce"],"eatenBy":[],"requirements":{"minHealth":60,"objects":{"eelgrass-bed":2,"sandbar-loafing-roost":1},"signature":"eelgrass-bed","water":{"ocean":6},"hint":"Eelgrass to graze, and a quiet sandbar to stand on while the tide is too high to feed."},"sources":[{"name":"All About Birds — Brant","url":"https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Brant/lifehistory"},{"name":"Audubon Field Guide — Brant","url":"https://www.audubon.org/field-guide/bird/brant"}],"biome":"coastal","amphibious":true},{"id":"shore-crab","name":"Shore Crab","scientificName":"Pachygrapsus crassipes","kind":"invertebrate","trophic":"omnivore","rarity":"common","diet":"mostly algae and drift kelp, plus detritus, worms, snails and carrion","shelter":"Crevices in splash-zone rock","preferredHabitat":"Rocky intertidal and splash zone, often out of the water altogether","fact":"The shore crab spends more than half its life out of the sea, breathing air on dry rock, and only nips back to a pool now and then to wet its gills.","role":"The busiest scavenger on the highest rocks, scraping surfaces clean of algae and hauling away anything that dies. It is also breakfast for gulls, oystercatchers and turnstones, and one of the very first animals to reappear on a shore that is coming back to life.","eats":[],"eatsOther":["algae","detritus","carrion"],"eatenBy":["anemone","black-turnstone","gull","octopus","crow","bottlenose-dolphin","harbor-seal"],"requirements":{"minHealth":12,"objects":{"splash-zone-crevice":2,"barnacle-crust-rock":1},"signature":"splash-zone-crevice","water":{"ocean":1},"hint":"Barely any water. High rock, deep cracks to wedge into, and one pool nearby to duck into when it needs a drink."},"sources":[{"name":"Animal Diversity Web — Pachygrapsus crassipes","url":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Pachygrapsus_crassipes/"},{"name":"iNaturalist — Pachygrapsus crassipes","url":"https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/50930-Pachygrapsus-crassipes"}],"biome":"coastal","ocean":true},{"id":"gull","name":"Gull","scientificName":"Larus occidentalis","kind":"bird","trophic":"omnivore","rarity":"common","diet":"fish, crabs, mussels, sea stars and carrion","shelter":"Ground scrapes on offshore rocks and islands, tucked beside driftwood, rock or low coastal scrub","preferredHabitat":"Any shoreline with food to scavenge or catch","fact":"A gull that finds a mussel it cannot open carries it high into the air and drops it onto rock — and it remembers which rock cracks shells best, coming back to the same one all season.","role":"A bold, clever generalist that scavenges carrion and hunts crabs, shellfish, anchovies and even sea stars, tying dozens of small animals to the top of the food web. Nothing on this shore hunts a grown gull, which is exactly why it can afford to be so cheeky.","eats":["hermit-crab","mussel","shore-crab","beach-hopper","anchovy","sea-star","bat-star","puffin"],"eatsOther":["carrion","seabird eggs"],"eatenBy":[],"requirements":{"minHealth":20,"objects":{"shell-dropping-rock":1,"bare-sand-beach":2,"beach-shrub":1},"signature":"shell-dropping-rock","water":{"ocean":2},"animals":["shore-crab"],"hint":"Open beach to patrol, low scrub to nest beside, and one hard flat rock to bomb shellfish onto."},"sources":[{"name":"All About Birds — Western Gull","url":"https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Western_Gull/lifehistory"},{"name":"Audubon Field Guide — Western Gull","url":"https://www.audubon.org/field-guide/bird/western-gull"}],"biome":"coastal","amphibious":true},{"id":"sanderling","name":"Sanderling","scientificName":"Calidris alba","kind":"bird","trophic":"insectivore","rarity":"common","diet":"beach hoppers, mole crabs, amphipods, worms and small molluscs","shelter":"Open beach above the surf line","preferredHabitat":"The wet swash zone of an open sandy beach","fact":"Sanderlings spend the whole day sprinting at the sea and running away from it, chasing each wave out to grab whatever it uncovered and fleeing the next one before it buries them.","role":"A specialist of the sliding strip of water at the sea's edge, feeding on the small crustaceans the surf keeps turning over. Its flocks live or die on how much life the wrack line produces, so a beach that is groomed clean is a beach without sanderlings.","eats":["beach-hopper"],"eatsOther":["mole crabs","amphipods","marine worms"],"eatenBy":[],"requirements":{"minHealth":50,"objects":{"swash-zone-runnel":2,"bare-sand-beach":1},"signature":"swash-zone-runnel","water":{"ocean":2},"animals":["beach-hopper"],"hint":"The wet strip where the waves run out, with open sand behind it. Do not plant anything here — this bird feeds where the water slides."},"sources":[{"name":"All About Birds — Sanderling","url":"https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Sanderling/lifehistory"},{"name":"Audubon Field Guide — Sanderling","url":"https://www.audubon.org/field-guide/bird/sanderling"}],"biome":"coastal"},{"id":"snowy-plover","name":"Snowy Plover","scientificName":"Charadrius nivosus nivosus","kind":"bird","trophic":"insectivore","rarity":"rare","diet":"beach invertebrates: beach hoppers, kelp flies and their larvae, small crustaceans and molluscs","shelter":"A shallow scrape on open sand, sometimes lined with shell fragments; chicks shelter beside driftwood and wrack","preferredHabitat":"Wide, flat, sparsely vegetated open sand above the tide line","fact":"A snowy plover's entire nest is a dent in bare sand lined with a few shell chips. The chicks run within hours of hatching, and freeze flat as pebbles the moment a shadow crosses them.","role":"A threatened beach nester that feeds on tiny invertebrates along the sand and the wrack. It will not nest where it cannot see a predator coming, which makes it one of the very few animals here that thick planting drives away rather than attracts — the kindest thing you can build it is emptiness nobody walks through.","eats":["beach-hopper"],"eatsOther":["kelp flies","fly larvae","mole crabs"],"eatenBy":[],"requirements":{"minHealth":60,"objects":{"plover-scrape-closure":1,"bare-sand-beach":2,"driftwood-pile":1},"signature":"plover-scrape-closure","animals":["beach-hopper"],"hint":"No water, no planting. Bare open sand, a roped-off patch where nobody treads, and driftwood for the chicks to hide beside.","conditions":{"season":["spring","summer"]}},"sources":[{"name":"All About Birds — Snowy Plover","url":"https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Snowy_Plover/lifehistory"},{"name":"USFWS — Western Snowy Plover","url":"https://www.fws.gov/species/western-snowy-plover-charadrius-nivosus-nivosus"}],"biome":"coastal"},{"id":"black-turnstone","name":"Black Turnstone","scientificName":"Arenaria melanocephala","kind":"bird","trophic":"insectivore","rarity":"common","diet":"barnacles, limpets, small mussels, hermit crabs and other rocky-shore invertebrates","shelter":"Rocky shoreline; tight flocks on raised rock at high tide","preferredHabitat":"Rocky intertidal shores with barnacle and limpet crusts","fact":"A turnstone does exactly what its name promises — flips over stones, shells and clumps of seaweed to snatch whatever is hiding underneath — and hammers barnacles open with a stubby bill shaped like a chisel.","role":"A rocky-shore forager that pries barnacles and limpets loose and turns over wrack for hidden prey. It also needs somewhere safe to sit out high tide, when every feeding rock it owns is underwater. Take away the roosts and the shore loses its turnstones even with the food untouched.","eats":["hermit-crab","mussel","shore-crab"],"eatsOther":["barnacles","limpets"],"eatenBy":[],"requirements":{"minHealth":40,"objects":{"high-tide-roost-rock":1,"low-tide-rock-bench":1},"signature":"high-tide-roost-rock","water":{"ocean":2},"animals":["hermit-crab"],"hint":"Barnacle-crusted rock to hammer at when the tide is out, and a high dry rock to stand on when it is not."},"sources":[{"name":"All About Birds — Black Turnstone","url":"https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Black_Turnstone/lifehistory"},{"name":"Audubon Field Guide — Black Turnstone","url":"https://www.audubon.org/field-guide/bird/black-turnstone"}],"biome":"coastal"},{"id":"crow","name":"Crow","scientificName":"Corvus brachyrhynchos","kind":"bird","trophic":"omnivore","rarity":"common","diet":"crabs, shellfish, eggs, insects, fruit and whatever the tide leaves behind","shelter":"A bulky stick nest high in a shore pine, reused and repaired year after year","preferredHabitat":"The strip where the beach meets the trees, with a clear view of the tideline","fact":"Crows work out that a shell will break if you drop it on rock, and they pick their spot — one that has learned the trick will carry a clam up, drop it, and adjust its height until the shell cracks. They also remember faces for years.","role":"The sharpest bird on the shore. It patrols the tideline for anything stranded, cracks open what it can't bite through, and follows the gulls and the otters to see what they turn up.","eats":["shore-crab","beach-hopper"],"eatsOther":["shellfish","eggs","insects","fruit","carrion"],"eatenBy":[],"requirements":{"minHealth":30,"objects":{"shore-stick-nest":1,"shore-pine":1},"signature":"shore-stick-nest","animals":["beach-hopper"],"hint":"A tall tree back from the beach to nest in, and a wrack line worth patrolling. It will find everything else on its own."},"sources":[{"name":"All About Birds — American Crow","url":"https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/American_Crow/lifehistory"}],"biome":"coastal"},{"id":"sea-star","name":"Sea Star","scientificName":"Pisaster ochraceus","kind":"invertebrate","trophic":"mesopredator","rarity":"uncommon","diet":"mussels above all, plus barnacles, limpets, chitons, snails and small urchins","shelter":"Damp surge channels and rock crevices at the lower edge of the mussel bed","preferredHabitat":"Wave-washed rocky intertidal with mussel beds above and surge below","fact":"This is the animal the word 'keystone' was invented for. Take the sea stars off a shore and within a couple of years the mussels spread down over everything else — which is precisely what happened when a wasting disease melted these stars by the million along thousands of miles of coast.","role":"The rocky shore's most famous predator. Working upward from the low zone and eating mussels as it goes, it decides where the mussel bed stops, and that leaves bare space on the rock for barnacles, algae, anemones and dozens of other species. Remove it and the mussels simply take everything.","eats":["mussel",{"id":"purple-sea-urchin","stage":"young"},"sand-dollar"],"eatsOther":["barnacles","limpets","chitons","snails"],"eatenBy":["gull","sea-otter"],"requirements":{"minHealth":50,"objects":{"mussel-bed":3,"barnacle-crust-rock":1},"signature":"mussel-bed","water":{"ocean":3},"animals":["mussel"],"hint":"Build the mussel bed first, and build it big. It lives down in among the shells, along the bottom edge where the bed gives way to open rock."},"sources":[{"name":"Animal Diversity Web — Pisaster ochraceus","url":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Pisaster_ochraceus/"},{"name":"MARINe (UC Santa Cruz) — Pisaster and sea star wasting disease","url":"https://marine.ucsc.edu/target/pisaster/"}],"biome":"coastal","ocean":true},{"id":"anemone","name":"Anemone","scientificName":"Anthopleura xanthogrammica","kind":"invertebrate","trophic":"mesopredator","rarity":"common","diet":"crabs, detached mussels and small fish stung by its tentacles","shelter":"The walls and floors of surge-flushed pools, characteristically just below the mussel beds","preferredHabitat":"Clear, sunlit, surge-fed pools in the low zone","fact":"That glowing green comes from algae living inside the anemone's own body, making sugar out of sunlight and handing it over like rent. An anemone stuck in the shade goes pale and goes hungry.","role":"A sit-still hunter that waits below the mussel beds and catches whatever the surf knocks loose from above, while farming its own private algae for extra meals. Half its food arrives by accident, falling out of the rocks overhead.","eats":["mussel","shore-crab"],"eatsOther":["dislodged mussels","small fish"],"eatenBy":[],"requirements":{"minHealth":36,"objects":{"sunlit-surge-pool":2,"tidepool":1,"mussel-bed":1},"signature":"sunlit-surge-pool","water":{"ocean":2},"animals":["mussel","shore-crab"],"hint":"A sunlit pool with surge running through it, sitting below a mussel bed. Dinner falls in from upstairs."},"sources":[{"name":"Animal Diversity Web — Anthopleura xanthogrammica","url":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Anthopleura_xanthogrammica/"},{"name":"Monterey Bay Aquarium — Giant green anemone","url":"https://www.montereybayaquarium.org/animals-the-ocean/animals-a-to-z/giant-green-anemone"}],"biome":"coastal","ocean":true},{"id":"puffin","name":"Puffin","scientificName":"Fratercula cirrhata","kind":"bird","trophic":"omnivore","rarity":"uncommon","diet":"small fish carried crosswise in its beak, plus shrimp and other small swimmers","shelter":"A burrow dug a metre back into the turf on top of a sea cliff","preferredHabitat":"Grassy clifftops above deep water, with soil soft enough to dig","fact":"A puffin can hold a dozen fish crosswise in its beak at once without dropping any — backward-pointing spines on its tongue and the roof of its mouth pin each one while it catches the next.","role":"A small seabird that lives almost its whole life out on the water and only comes ashore to nest, digging a burrow into the clifftop turf. Its beak only turns bright orange for the breeding season, then dulls again for winter.","eats":["anchovy"],"eatsOther":["small fish","shrimp","zooplankton"],"eatenBy":["gull"],"requirements":{"minHealth":55,"objects":{"clifftop-burrow":1,"nesting-bluff":1},"signature":"clifftop-burrow","water":{"ocean":6,"deep":true},"animals":["anchovy"],"hint":"Soft turf on top of a cliff to dig a burrow into, and deep water below it full of small fish."},"sources":[{"name":"All About Birds — Tufted Puffin","url":"https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Tufted_Puffin/lifehistory"}],"biome":"coastal"},{"id":"brown-pelican","name":"Brown Pelican","scientificName":"Pelecanus occidentalis californicus","kind":"bird","trophic":"mesopredator","rarity":"uncommon","diet":"small schooling fish, especially northern anchovy","shelter":"Nests only on undisturbed offshore islands; loafs on sandbars and rocks","preferredHabitat":"Anchovy-rich nearshore water within reach of an island colony","fact":"A brown pelican dives from sixty feet up and hits the water hard enough to stun fish — and it twists its body left just before impact so the blow does not break its neck.","role":"A plunge-diving anchovy hunter whose comeback after pesticide poisoning is one of the great conservation rescues. It nests only on islands offshore, never on the mainland beach, and its colonies fail outright in years when the anchovy schools do not show — so a nesting brown pelican is a statement about the fish, not the sand.","eats":["anchovy","sand-dollar"],"eatsOther":["sardines","small schooling fish"],"eatenBy":[],"requirements":{"minHealth":55,"objects":{"offshore-nesting-island":1,"sandbar-loafing-roost":2},"signature":"offshore-nesting-island","water":{"ocean":10,"deep":true},"animals":["anchovy"],"hint":"An island the tide and the footpaths cannot reach, sandbars to loaf on, and it schools in the water offshore."},"sources":[{"name":"All About Birds — Brown Pelican","url":"https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Brown_Pelican/lifehistory"},{"name":"USFWS — Brown Pelican","url":"https://www.fws.gov/species/brown-pelican-pelecanus-occidentalis"}],"biome":"coastal","ocean":true,"amphibious":true},{"id":"sea-otter","name":"Sea Otter","scientificName":"Enhydra lutris","kind":"mammal","trophic":"apex-predator","rarity":"rare","diet":"sea urchins above all, plus mussels, crabs and sea stars","shelter":"Rafts wrapped in living surface kelp canopy, in coves calm enough to groom in","preferredHabitat":"Kelp forest and rocky shore with abundant shellfish and calm rafting water","fact":"A sea otter has no blubber at all — just the thickest fur on Earth, about a million hairs in a patch the size of a postage stamp — so it spends hours a day combing air into its coat, and wraps itself in kelp so it does not drift away while it sleeps.","role":"The animal this whole coast hangs on. By eating urchins it stops them mowing the kelp down to bare rock, so the forest and everything sheltering in it survives. Remove the otter and the urchins multiply, the kelp goes, and what is left is a barren. Note what it rafts in: living canopy, not dead wrack on the beach.","eats":["purple-sea-urchin","mussel","sea-star"],"eatsOther":["crabs","snails","abalone"],"eatenBy":[],"requirements":{"minHealth":75,"minBalance":45,"objects":{"sheltered-rafting-cove":1,"kelp-forest":2,"mussel-bed":1},"signature":"sheltered-rafting-cove","water":{"ocean":10,"deep":true},"animals":["purple-sea-urchin","mussel"],"hint":"Living kelp forest to wrap up in, calm water to groom in, and urchins and shellfish to eat. Dead kelp on the sand is no use to it."},"sources":[{"name":"Animal Diversity Web — Enhydra lutris","url":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Enhydra_lutris/"},{"name":"Monterey Bay Aquarium — Sea otter","url":"https://www.montereybayaquarium.org/animals-the-ocean/animals-a-to-z/sea-otter"}],"biome":"coastal","ocean":true,"amphibious":true},{"id":"harbor-seal","name":"Harbor Seal","scientificName":"Phoca vitulina","kind":"mammal","trophic":"apex-predator","rarity":"rare","diet":"fish, especially anchovy and flatfish, plus squid, octopus and crustaceans","shelter":"Undisturbed low-tide rocks and sandbars used as haul-outs for resting and pupping","preferredHabitat":"Calm, clean water beside a haul-out nobody walks up to","fact":"Harbor seals can sleep at sea, hanging upright just below the surface like bottles and bobbing up for a breath without properly waking.","role":"A patient, curious hunter that eats whatever fish is easiest to catch that week. Everything it does on land happens on a haul-out: resting, moulting, giving birth. Walk up to one once and the seals stop using it. Nothing on this shore hunts an adult seal — but something out in the deep water does.","eats":["anchovy","shore-crab","octopus"],"eatsOther":["flatfish","squid","octopus"],"eatenBy":["orca"],"requirements":{"minHealth":70,"objects":{"haul-out-rocks":2,"kelp-forest":1},"signature":"haul-out-rocks","water":{"ocean":10,"deep":true},"animals":["anchovy"],"hint":"Deep water to fish in and quiet rocks to haul out on, with room around them. A haul-out is not a bird nesting closure — build the right thing."},"sources":[{"name":"Animal Diversity Web — Phoca vitulina","url":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Phoca_vitulina/"},{"name":"NOAA Fisheries — Harbor Seal","url":"https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/species/harbor-seal"}],"biome":"coastal","ocean":true,"amphibious":true},{"id":"desert-termite","name":"Desert Termite","scientificName":"Gnathamitermes perplexus","kind":"insect","trophic":"decomposer","rarity":"common","diet":"dead grass, fallen leaves, dry dung and the weathered outsides of dead wood","shelter":"Tunnels and chambers underground, plus mud sheeting built over whatever it is eating","preferredHabitat":"Soil beneath shrubs and grasses where dead plant litter collects","fact":"These termites plaster a thin mud roof over a dead stem and eat underneath it, so they can feed in full sun without ever touching the dry air.","role":"The animal that actually recycles this desert. There is too little water here for litter to rot the way it does in a forest, so termites eat almost all of it instead, carrying the nitrogen and carbon back underground and leaving tunnels that let rain soak in rather than run off. On swarm nights, everything with a beak or a sting comes to the feast.","eats":[],"eatsOther":["dead grass and stems","dry dung","buried dead wood"],"eatenBy":["horned-lizard","burrowing-owl","scorpion","desert-tarantula","grasshopper-mouse"],"requirements":{"minHealth":8,"objects":{"buried-deadwood":1},"hint":"Bury a little dead wood and they will find it — dead wood is the desert’s pantry."},"sources":[{"name":"Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum — Termites","url":"https://www.desertmuseum.org/books/nhsd_termites.php"},{"name":"USDA Forest Service — Physical and chemical alteration of soil by two subterranean termite species in a desert grassland","url":"https://research.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/9934"}],"biome":"desert"},{"id":"jackrabbit","name":"Jackrabbit","scientificName":"Lepus californicus","kind":"mammal","trophic":"herbivore","rarity":"common","diet":"grasses, wildflowers, cactus pads, and the twigs and bark of desert shrubs","shelter":"A shallow shaded scrape under a shrub; it never digs a burrow","preferredHabitat":"Open flats with scattered shrubs and room to run","fact":"Those enormous ears are radiators — a jackrabbit lies dead still in the shade and pours its body heat straight out through the blood vessels inside them.","role":"The biggest everyday plant-eater here, and the meal at the centre of everyone else's day. Its babies are born furred and open-eyed in a shallow scrape, because a jackrabbit owns no burrow and never will — it bets everything on ears, speed and knowing where the shade is.","eats":[],"eatsOther":["grasses","cactus pads","twigs and bark"],"eatenBy":["mountain-lion","kit-fox","rattlesnake","raven","desert-hawk"],"requirements":{"minHealth":30,"objects":{"shade-form-scrape":1,"bush-muhly":2,"creosote-bush":1},"signature":"shade-form-scrape","hint":"Grass to graze, shrubs to browse and a shaded scrape to lie in. Skip the water — it drinks from the plants."},"sources":[{"name":"Animal Diversity Web — Lepus californicus","url":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Lepus_californicus/"},{"name":"USDA Forest Service FEIS — Lepus californicus","url":"https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/animals/mammal/leca/all.html"}],"biome":"desert"},{"id":"kangaroo-rat","name":"Kangaroo Rat","scientificName":"Dipodomys merriami","kind":"mammal","trophic":"herbivore","rarity":"common","diet":"seeds, carried home in fur-lined cheek pouches and buried in underground larders","shelter":"Shallow burrows under shrubs and soil mounds, plugged with sand every dawn","preferredHabitat":"Loose soil under seed-bearing shrubs and mesquite","fact":"A kangaroo rat never drinks — it manufactures all the water it needs out of dry seeds — and it can leap sideways almost two metres to dodge a striking snake.","role":"The desert's accidental gardener. It buries seeds all over its patch and forgets enough of them that those are the plants that come up next spring. Its tunnels are the starting point for everything that cannot dig well: kit foxes widen them into dens, and half the burrows in the biome began as its work. Nearly every predator here eats it.","eats":[],"eatsOther":["mesquite seeds","grass seeds","green shoots"],"eatenBy":["kit-fox","rattlesnake","burrowing-owl"],"requirements":{"minHealth":25,"objects":{"seed-larder-burrow":1,"creosote-mound":1,"bush-muhly":1},"signature":"seed-larder-burrow","hint":"Seed plants and soft diggable soil, especially the loose mounds heaped round a shrub's base. Build no water at all — this one may never take a drink in its life."},"sources":[{"name":"Animal Diversity Web — Dipodomys merriami","url":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Dipodomys_merriami/"},{"name":"NPS — Kangaroo Rats","url":"https://www.nps.gov/moja/learn/nature/kangaroo-rats.htm"}],"biome":"desert"},{"id":"desert-tortoise","name":"Desert Tortoise","scientificName":"Gopherus morafkai","kind":"reptile","trophic":"herbivore","rarity":"rare","diet":"native grasses, spring wildflowers, and cactus pads and fruit","shelter":"Caliche caves, rock crevices and dens under boulders on rocky slopes","preferredHabitat":"Rocky slopes with native grasses and wildflowers","fact":"A desert tortoise can live 80 years and spends about 95 of every 100 days of it underground — and it carries a bladder of stored water it can live off for a year if the rains fail.","role":"A slow, long-lived grazer that also happens to be the landlord. The dens it hollows out get used for years afterwards by owls, snakes, lizards, rodents and insects that could never dig anything like them, so saving one tortoise quietly saves a dozen other animals. Grown tortoises are nearly untouchable; it is the hatchlings, soft-shelled for years, that ravens and coyotes take.","eats":[],"eatsOther":["native grasses","spring wildflowers","cactus pads"],"eatenBy":["raven"],"requirements":{"minHealth":50,"objects":{"caliche-shelter-cave":1,"desert-marigold":1},"signature":"caliche-shelter-cave","hint":"A caliche den on a rocky slope, with grass and wildflowers to graze in front of it. It drinks only when rain puddles, and can wait a whole year for that."},"sources":[{"name":"USFWS — Sonoran Desert Tortoise (Gopherus morafkai)","url":"https://www.fws.gov/species/sonoran-desert-tortoise-gopherus-morafkai"},{"name":"Desert Tortoise Council — Biology of Desert Tortoises","url":"https://deserttortoise.org/about-desert-tortoises/biology-desert-tortoises/"}],"biome":"desert"},{"id":"cactus-bee","name":"Cactus Bee","scientificName":"Diadasia rinconis","kind":"insect","trophic":"herbivore","rarity":"common","diet":"pollen and nectar from prickly pear and cholla flowers","shelter":"A vertical nest shaft dug in bare, loose ground, often with a little mud chimney over the door","preferredHabitat":"Blooming prickly pear and cholla beside open, undisturbed soil","fact":"Every female digs her own nest and stocks it herself — but thousands of these single mothers dig side by side in the same patch of bare ground, so the whole ground hums.","role":"The bee that makes cactus fruit happen. No bee visits means no fruit set, and no fruit means no midsummer water for the squirrels, birds and rodents that live on it. She needs soft, undisturbed bare soil to dig in, which is exactly what hooves and tyres destroy first.","eats":[],"eatsOther":["cactus pollen","cactus nectar"],"eatenBy":["cactus-wren","phainopepla"],"requirements":{"minHealth":20,"objects":{"prickly-pear":2,"bare-ground-patch":1,"cactus-patch":1},"signature":"prickly-pear","hint":"Cactus flowers to work and a patch of loose, unpacked ground to dig in. Trampled hardpan is useless to her."},"sources":[{"name":"Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum — Cactus Bee nesting sites","url":"https://www.desertmuseum.org/center/cactus_bee.php"},{"name":"Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum — Bees","url":"https://www.desertmuseum.org/books/nhsd_bees.php"}],"biome":"desert"},{"id":"desert-hummingbird","name":"Desert Hummingbird","scientificName":"Calypte costae","kind":"bird","trophic":"herbivore","rarity":"uncommon","diet":"nectar from chuparosa, ocotillo and creosote flowers, plus small insects and spiders","shelter":"A thimble-sized cup of plant down and spider silk in a low shrub","preferredHabitat":"Washes and flats with shrubs that flower in winter and spring","fact":"The male dives past the female at full speed and shrieks — except the shriek comes from his tail feathers, not his throat — while flaring a violet moustache of feathers out sideways.","role":"A nectar-drinker that chases the bloom, arriving with the winter flowers of chuparosa and moving on as the desert dries out. It never needs to find water, and on the hardest days it switches itself almost off, dropping into a torpor so deep it feels cold to the touch.","eats":[],"eatsOther":["flower nectar","small insects","spiders"],"eatenBy":["roadrunner"],"requirements":{"minHealth":40,"objects":{"chuparosa":2,"ocotillo":1},"signature":"chuparosa","hint":"Real flowers beat a feeder every time: chuparosa blooms right through the desert winter, and ocotillo takes over in spring."},"sources":[{"name":"Sonoran Joint Venture — Costa's Hummingbird species account","url":"https://sonoranjv.org/accounts/desert-hummingbird.pdf"},{"name":"Cornell Lab All About Birds — Costa's Hummingbird Life History","url":"https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Costas_Hummingbird/lifehistory"}],"biome":"desert"},{"id":"quail","name":"Quail","scientificName":"Callipepla gambelii","kind":"bird","trophic":"herbivore","rarity":"common","diet":"seeds, green leaves and cactus fruit — and, for the first weeks of life only, insects","shelter":"A ground nest tucked under a shrub; the covey roosts up inside thorny cover at night","preferredHabitat":"Thorny thickets along washes, within walking distance of water","fact":"One male stands sentry on a high branch with that comma of feathers bobbing on his forehead while the rest of the covey feeds below, and when he calls the alarm the whole group runs — quail would nearly always rather sprint than fly.","role":"A sociable ground bird living on seeds and greens, with the chicks fattened on insects for their first few weeks. Unlike almost everything else here it genuinely has to drink, so coveys walk the same path to the same water every summer day. Coyotes and hawks take adults; ravens and roadrunners take eggs and chicks.","eats":[],"eatsOther":["seeds","green leaves","cactus fruit","insects"],"eatenBy":["roadrunner","raven","desert-hawk"],"requirements":{"minHealth":40,"water":{"tiles":1},"objects":{"catclaw-acacia":2,"bush-muhly":1,"dew-basin":1},"signature":"catclaw-acacia","hint":"Thorny thickets to roost in and seeds to eat — and unlike most of this desert, water it can actually drink."},"sources":[{"name":"Cornell Lab All About Birds — Gambel's Quail Life History","url":"https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Gambels_Quail/lifehistory"},{"name":"Audubon Field Guide — Gambel's Quail","url":"https://www.audubon.org/field-guide/bird/quail"}],"biome":"desert"},{"id":"cactus-woodpecker","name":"Cactus Woodpecker","scientificName":"Melanerpes uropygialis","kind":"bird","trophic":"omnivore","rarity":"uncommon","diet":"insects, cactus fruit and mistletoe berries","shelter":"Cavities it chisels out of living saguaros","preferredHabitat":"Saguaro stands with mesquite and washes nearby","fact":"It chisels a hole into a living cactus and then waits months, doing nothing, while the plant seals the raw walls with hard scar tissue — only then will it move in.","role":"The only animal here that can build a home from scratch, and half the biome lives in its leftovers: elf owls, kestrels, flycatchers and wild bees all move into old woodpecker holes. It also eats cactus fruit by the beakful and drops the seeds wherever it goes, so the cactus needs the bird just as much as the bird needs the cactus.","eats":[],"eatsOther":["insects","mistletoe berries"],"eatenBy":["rattlesnake"],"requirements":{"minHealth":50,"objects":{"saguaro-fruit-fall":1,"saguaro":2},"signature":"saguaro-fruit-fall","hint":"Tall cactus to carve and split fruit to eat. A pad cactus is far too small — only a great column can hold a nest hole."},"sources":[{"name":"Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum — Gila Woodpecker","url":"https://www.desertmuseum.org/kids/oz/long-fact-sheets/Gila%20Woodpecker.php"},{"name":"Cornell Lab All About Birds — Gila Woodpecker Life History","url":"https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Gila_Woodpecker/lifehistory"}],"biome":"desert"},{"id":"phainopepla","name":"Phainopepla","scientificName":"Phainopepla nitens","kind":"bird","trophic":"omnivore","rarity":"uncommon","diet":"mistletoe berries in winter, flying insects the rest of the year","shelter":"A small cup nest in a mesquite or ironwood, usually hidden in a clump of mistletoe","preferredHabitat":"Mesquite stands carrying mistletoe, with water nearby","fact":"A phainopepla can put away more than a thousand mistletoe berries in a single day, and the seeds come out the other end still sticky — so the bird glues the next generation of mistletoe onto branches as it flies.","role":"Mistletoe's one dependable gardener; almost nothing else will touch the berries. The plant only grows on mesquite, ironwood and acacia, so this glossy black bird with red eyes needs those trees as much as the mistletoe does. Out of berry season it snaps insects out of the air instead.","eats":["cactus-bee"],"eatsOther":["mistletoe berries","flying insects"],"eatenBy":["roadrunner","rattlesnake"],"requirements":{"minHealth":46,"objects":{"desert-mistletoe":2,"mesquite-tree":1,"dew-basin":1},"signature":"desert-mistletoe","animals":["cactus-bee"],"hint":"Mistletoe in a mesquite is the whole story — the berries are dinner and the clump is the nest. It still comes down to drink."},"sources":[{"name":"Cornell Lab All About Birds — Phainopepla Life History","url":"https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Phainopepla/lifehistory"},{"name":"Audubon Field Guide — Phainopepla","url":"https://www.audubon.org/field-guide/bird/phainopepla"}],"biome":"desert"},{"id":"antelope-squirrel","name":"Antelope Squirrel","scientificName":"Ammospermophilus harrisii","kind":"mammal","trophic":"herbivore","rarity":"common","diet":"cactus fruit, seeds and green shoots, with the odd insect","shelter":"Burrows and cracks under rocks and cactus","preferredHabitat":"Rocky ground with cactus in fruit","fact":"It runs with its tail flipped flat over its back like a tiny parasol, then throws itself belly-down on cool shaded ground to dump the heat it picked up on the way.","role":"The one animal still out and about at midday, when everything else has gone underground to wait. It cannot make its own water, so it lives on juicy cactus fruit — which only exists if the cactus bees got to the flowers first. Coyotes, kit foxes, hawks, roadrunners and rattlesnakes all hunt it.","eats":[],"eatsOther":["cactus fruit","seeds","green shoots"],"eatenBy":["mountain-lion","kit-fox","rattlesnake","roadrunner","desert-hawk"],"requirements":{"minHealth":38,"objects":{"pollinated-cactus-fruit":1,"burrow-mound":1},"signature":"pollinated-cactus-fruit","hint":"Dry seeds alone will not keep it alive — it needs juicy fruit, and that means welcoming the bees first."},"sources":[{"name":"Animal Diversity Web — Ammospermophilus harrisii","url":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Ammospermophilus_harrisii/"},{"name":"Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum — Antelope Squirrels","url":"https://www.desertmuseum.org/books/nhsd_antelope_squirrel.php"}],"biome":"desert"},{"id":"cactus-wren","name":"Cactus Wren","scientificName":"Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus","kind":"bird","trophic":"insectivore","rarity":"common","diet":"insects and spiders, with some cactus fruit and seeds","shelter":"Football-shaped grass nests built deep inside a cholla","preferredHabitat":"Desert with dense cholla and scattered trees","fact":"A cactus wren builds several football-shaped nests and keeps the spare ones as bedrooms all year, so it goes to sleep surrounded on every side by cactus spines.","role":"The biggest wren you will ever meet, flipping over leaves and bark for insects and spiders and taking every drop of its water from that food. Its nest sits deep inside a cholla where the spines keep snakes and raiding birds out — take away the cholla and the wren has nowhere at all to raise chicks.","eats":["cactus-bee"],"eatsOther":["spiders","grasshoppers","cactus fruit"],"eatenBy":["rattlesnake","roadrunner"],"requirements":{"minHealth":45,"objects":{"cholla":2,"desert-ironwood":1,"cactus-patch":1},"signature":"cholla","animals":["cactus-bee"],"hint":"Cholla is the nest. Nothing else out here is spiny enough, and it never once needs a drink."},"sources":[{"name":"Cornell Lab All About Birds — Cactus Wren Life History","url":"https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Cactus_Wren/lifehistory"},{"name":"Audubon Field Guide — Cactus Wren","url":"https://www.audubon.org/field-guide/bird/cactus-wren"}],"biome":"desert"},{"id":"burrowing-owl","name":"Burrowing Owl","scientificName":"Athene cunicularia","kind":"bird","trophic":"insectivore","rarity":"uncommon","diet":"big insects — termites, grasshoppers and crickets — plus small rodents and scorpions","shelter":"Underground burrows dug by somebody else; it cannot dig its own","preferredHabitat":"Open ground with low, sparse plants and ready-made burrows","fact":"Corner a burrowing owl down its hole and it hisses like a rattlesnake — biologists think it is doing an impression, and whatever is digging usually decides not to.","role":"A long-legged little owl that hunts insects in broad daylight and rodents after dark, standing on its doorstep bobbing at anything that comes near. It is the clearest case here of an animal that cannot make its own home: every pair depends on a burrow something else dug, so where the diggers go, the owls go too.","eats":["desert-termite","kangaroo-rat","scorpion"],"eatsOther":["grasshoppers","crickets"],"eatenBy":[{"id":"rattlesnake","stage":"young"}],"requirements":{"minHealth":55,"objects":{"tortoise-burrow":1,"burrow-mound":2,"bush-muhly":1},"signature":"tortoise-burrow","animals":["desert-termite","scorpion"],"hint":"It cannot dig. Bring the tortoise back first and its old den becomes the front door — with low, open ground out front to hunt over."},"sources":[{"name":"Cornell Lab All About Birds — Burrowing Owl Life History","url":"https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Burrowing_Owl/lifehistory"},{"name":"Audubon Field Guide — Burrowing Owl","url":"https://www.audubon.org/field-guide/bird/burrowing-owl"}],"biome":"desert"},{"id":"horned-lizard","name":"Horned Lizard","scientificName":"Phrynosoma solare","kind":"reptile","trophic":"insectivore","rarity":"common","diet":"harvester ants above all — about nine mouthfuls in ten — plus termites and a few other insects","shelter":"Shuffles itself down into loose sand; shelters under low shrubs","preferredHabitat":"Open sandy ground between shrubs, near harvester ant mounds","fact":"Cornered, a horned lizard squirts a jet of its own blood out of the corners of its eyes — it can carry a metre — and it tastes so foul that a fox will spit and keep spitting for minutes.","role":"An ant specialist with a stomach far too big for its body, because harvester ants are such poor food that it has to eat hundreds every day just to break even. Those ants only build on open bare ground, so the tidier, greener and more trampled a desert gets, the faster this flat little lizard vanishes from it.","eats":["desert-termite"],"eatsOther":["harvester ants","small insects"],"eatenBy":["roadrunner","raven","desert-hawk"],"requirements":{"minHealth":16,"objects":{"harvester-ant-mound":2,"bare-ground-patch":1},"signature":"harvester-ant-mound","animals":["desert-termite"],"hint":"No ants, nothing doing. Leave the gaps between the shrubs bare and open — that is exactly where harvester ants clear their mounds."},"sources":[{"name":"Animal Diversity Web — Phrynosoma solare","url":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Phrynosoma_solare/"},{"name":"Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum — Horned Lizards","url":"https://www.desertmuseum.org/books/nhsd_horned_lizard.php"}],"biome":"desert"},{"id":"raven","name":"Raven","scientificName":"Corvus corax","kind":"bird","trophic":"scavenger","rarity":"common","diet":"carrion above all, plus eggs, nestlings, young reptiles, insects and cactus fruit","shelter":"Bulky stick nests on cliffs and in tall cactus and ironwoods — and, more and more, on power poles","preferredHabitat":"Open desert with tall nest structures and a reliable food supply","fact":"Ravens remember individual human faces and hold the grudge for years, and a pair will run a con together — one bird makes a nuisance of itself while the other robs the food.","role":"The cleanup crew, and the biggest human story in the biome. Roads, rubbish tips, farms and power poles hand ravens free food, water and nest platforms, so there are now far more of them than this desert could ever feed by itself — and all those extra ravens eat baby tortoises, whose shells stay soft for years. Cutting off the free lunch is now a real part of saving the tortoise.","eats":[{"id":"desert-tortoise","stage":"young"},{"id":"jackrabbit","stage":"young"},{"id":"quail","stage":"eggs"},"horned-lizard"],"eatsOther":["carrion","insects","cactus fruit"],"eatenBy":[],"requirements":{"minHealth":35,"water":{"tiles":1},"objects":{"carrion-patch":1,"saguaro":1,"dew-basin":1},"signature":"carrion-patch","animals":["horned-lizard","jackrabbit"],"hint":"They follow whatever gets left lying around: a carcass, a tall perch, something to drink. That is all they ask for — which is exactly the trouble."},"sources":[{"name":"Cornell Lab All About Birds — Common Raven Life History","url":"https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Common_Raven/lifehistory"},{"name":"USFWS — Environmental Assessment to Reduce Common Raven Predation on the Desert Tortoise","url":"https://www.fws.gov/sites/default/files/documents/Raven%20EA%20Final%203-08.pdf"}],"biome":"desert"},{"id":"roadrunner","name":"Roadrunner","scientificName":"Geococcyx californianus","kind":"bird","trophic":"mesopredator","rarity":"uncommon","diet":"lizards, big insects, millipedes, scorpions, tarantulas, small birds, rodents and snakes","shelter":"A bulky stick nest a metre or two up inside a thorny shrub or cholla","preferredHabitat":"Open running ground broken up by thorny thickets","fact":"A roadrunner can outrun you — over 30 km an hour on two legs — and it kills a rattlesnake by grabbing it behind the head and beating it against a rock until it stops moving.","role":"The daytime terror of anything small and quick: lizards, tarantulas, scorpions, millipedes, other birds, and one of the very few birds anywhere that will pick a fight with a rattlesnake. It needs both halves of its home — open ground to sprint across and a thorn thicket high enough to keep its chicks out of a mountain lion's reach.","eats":["horned-lizard","scorpion","desert-tarantula","desert-millipede","cactus-wren","desert-hummingbird","antelope-squirrel",{"id":"quail","stage":"young"},"rattlesnake","phainopepla"],"eatsOther":["cactus fruit"],"eatenBy":["desert-hawk"],"requirements":{"minHealth":50,"objects":{"thornscrub-stick-nest":1,"cactus-patch":1,"rock-pile":1},"signature":"thornscrub-stick-nest","hint":"Open ground to run flat out on and a thorn thicket to nest in, with lizards and big crawlers to chase between the two.","animals":["horned-lizard","scorpion"]},"sources":[{"name":"Cornell Lab All About Birds — Greater Roadrunner Life History","url":"https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Greater_Roadrunner/lifehistory"},{"name":"Audubon Field Guide — Greater Roadrunner","url":"https://www.audubon.org/field-guide/bird/greater-roadrunner"}],"biome":"desert"},{"id":"rattlesnake","name":"Rattlesnake","scientificName":"Crotalus atrox","kind":"reptile","trophic":"mesopredator","rarity":"rare","diet":"rodents and small mammals, with birds and lizards taken now and then","shelter":"Rock crevices and burrows; a deep frost-free fissure all winter","preferredHabitat":"Rocky shelter within striking distance of busy rodent trails","fact":"A rattlesnake adds a new rattle segment every time it sheds, but the old ones keep snapping off — so counting the rattles tells you nothing whatsoever about its age.","role":"An ambush hunter that lies beside a rodent trail for days, strikes, lets go, then follows the scent trail to the body. It may eat only once a month, which makes it a slow but relentless brake on the rodent population. Every winter it goes back to the same rock den it used last year, and the year before that.","eats":["kangaroo-rat","antelope-squirrel","cactus-wren","cactus-woodpecker","phainopepla",{"id":"jackrabbit","stage":"young"},{"id":"burrowing-owl","stage":"young"},"grasshopper-mouse"],"eatsOther":[],"eatenBy":["roadrunner"],"requirements":{"minHealth":60,"objects":{"rock-pile":1,"shaded-rock-shelter":1,"snake-hibernaculum-desert":1},"signature":"snake-hibernaculum-desert","hint":"A deep winter den it can come back to every single year, warm rock to wait on, and rodents on the move nearby.","animals":["kangaroo-rat","antelope-squirrel"]},"sources":[{"name":"Animal Diversity Web — Crotalus atrox","url":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Crotalus_atrox/"},{"name":"Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum — Western Diamondback Rattlesnake","url":"https://www.desertmuseum.org/kids/oz/long-fact-sheets/Diamondback%20Rattlesnake.php"}],"biome":"desert"},{"id":"scorpion","name":"Scorpion","scientificName":"Hadrurus arizonensis","kind":"invertebrate","trophic":"insectivore","rarity":"common","diet":"millipedes, termites, crickets, spiders, tarantulas and other scorpions","shelter":"A spiral burrow it digs itself, as much as two and a half metres deep","preferredHabitat":"Loose diggable soil with litter and stone cover to hunt across at night","fact":"Scorpions glow an eerie blue-green under ultraviolet light, and after decades of looking at it nobody can say for certain why.","role":"The heavyweight of the night shift. Big, hairy and unhurried, it takes millipedes, termites, spiders and even tarantulas, which are its own size. The rocks are only its day cover — what actually keeps it alive is a spiral burrow driven metres straight down, where it sits out most of the year. Owls and roadrunners are the ones that get it.","eats":["desert-millipede","desert-termite","desert-tarantula"],"eatsOther":["crickets","spiders","centipedes"],"eatenBy":["elf-owl","burrowing-owl","roadrunner","grasshopper-mouse"],"requirements":{"minHealth":18,"objects":{"deep-sand-burrow":1,"creosote-bush":1},"signature":"deep-sand-burrow","hint":"Rocks are only the doormat. What it really needs is soil deep and loose enough to dig metres straight down into.","animals":["desert-millipede"]},"sources":[{"name":"Animal Diversity Web — Hadrurus arizonensis","url":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Hadrurus_arizonensis/"},{"name":"Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum — Scorpions","url":"https://www.desertmuseum.org/books/nhsd_scorpion.php"}],"biome":"desert"},{"id":"elf-owl","name":"Elf Owl","scientificName":"Micrathene whitneyi","kind":"bird","trophic":"mesopredator","rarity":"rare","diet":"moths, beetles, crickets and scorpions","shelter":"Old woodpecker holes in cactus and desert trees; it cannot carve its own","preferredHabitat":"Saguaro stands and mesquite washes full of old woodpecker holes","fact":"The smallest owl in the world weighs about as much as a golf ball, and it nips the stinger off a scorpion before carrying the rest home to its chicks.","role":"A migratory night hunter of moths and scorpions that cannot make a hole to save its life. Every nest it has ever used was chiselled out by a woodpecker and then hardened by the cactus into a waterproof boot. Plant a whole forest of cactus and you still get no elf owls until the woodpecker has done its work.","eats":["scorpion","desert-millipede"],"eatsOther":["moths","beetles","crickets"],"eatenBy":[],"requirements":{"minHealth":55,"objects":{"saguaro-boot":1,"saguaro":1,"mesquite-tree":1},"signature":"saguaro-boot","hint":"Cactus alone will not do. A woodpecker has to drill the hole first and let the plant seal it into a boot.","animals":["scorpion"],"conditions":{"dayPhase":["night"],"season":["spring","summer"]}},"sources":[{"name":"Cornell Lab All About Birds — Elf Owl Life History","url":"https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Elf_Owl/lifehistory"},{"name":"Audubon Field Guide — Elf Owl","url":"https://www.audubon.org/field-guide/bird/elf-owl"}],"biome":"desert"},{"id":"kit-fox","name":"Kit Fox","scientificName":"Vulpes macrotis","kind":"mammal","trophic":"mesopredator","rarity":"rare","diet":"kangaroo rats and other rodents, jackrabbits, squirrels, lizards, insects and some fruit","shelter":"A cool underground den with several doors, usually a rodent burrow it has widened","preferredHabitat":"Open desert with loose soil and plenty of small prey","fact":"The smallest wild dog here weighs less than a house cat, and its ridiculous ears do two jobs at once: hearing a mouse move underground, and shedding body heat like radiators.","role":"A night fox that lives almost entirely on rodents and hardly ever drinks — it takes its water out of what it catches. It rarely digs a den from scratch; it moves into a kangaroo rat's burrow and enlarges it, then keeps several doors open so a mountain lion can never corner it in there.","eats":["kangaroo-rat","jackrabbit","antelope-squirrel"],"eatsOther":["cactus fruit","insects","lizards"],"eatenBy":["mountain-lion"],"requirements":{"minHealth":70,"minBalance":40,"objects":{"kit-fox-den":1,"creosote-bush":2,"burrow-mound":1},"signature":"kit-fox-den","hint":"Rodents first — its den is a borrowed burrow made bigger. It never needs a drink you provide.","animals":["kangaroo-rat","jackrabbit"],"conditions":{"dayPhase":["dusk","night"]}},"sources":[{"name":"Animal Diversity Web — Vulpes macrotis","url":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Vulpes_macrotis/"},{"name":"USFWS — Kit Fox (Vulpes macrotis)","url":"https://www.fws.gov/species/san-joaquin-kit-fox-vulpes-macrotis-mutica"}],"biome":"desert"},{"id":"coyote","name":"Coyote","scientificName":"Canis latrans","kind":"mammal","trophic":"apex-predator","rarity":"rare","diet":"voles, rabbits and ground squirrels; deer fawns; also fruit, insects and carrion","shelter":"Raises pups in a den dug into a brushy bank, often an enlarged badger or fox burrow","preferredHabitat":"Open grassland and edges with brushy cover for a den and water within reach","fact":"Three coyotes can sound like a dozen. Each one slides its pitch around while it howls, so a small family throws up a wall of voices — biologists call it the 'beau geste' effect.","role":"The animal at the top of this meadow, and the most adaptable carnivore in here. It hunts voles and rabbits alone, fawns in pairs, and eats fruit, insects and carrion in between. Its return is what finally puts pressure on the foxes, badgers and deer that nothing else here could touch — and it will happily trail a digging badger to snap up whatever bolts out the far side.","eats":["cottontail-rabbit","garter-snake","ground-squirrel","prairie-vole","western-meadowlark",{"id":"american-badger","stage":"young"},{"id":"mule-deer","stage":"young"},"groundhog","opossum"],"eatsOther":["berries","carrion","grasshoppers","mice"],"eatenBy":[],"requirements":{"minHealth":80,"minBalance":45,"objects":{"coyote-natal-den-bank":1,"native-grass-patch":2,"brush-pile":1,"small-pond":1},"signature":"coyote-natal-den-bank","water":{"tiles":1},"animals":["cottontail-rabbit","prairie-vole"],"hint":"A den bank tucked into brushy cover, wide grass full of rabbits and voles, and water within reach. It only settles where there is already plenty to eat."},"sources":[{"name":"Animal Diversity Web — Canis latrans","url":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Canis_latrans/"},{"name":"NPS — Coyote","url":"https://www.nps.gov/articles/mountain-lion.htm"}],"biome":"meadow"},{"id":"polyphemus-moth","name":"Polyphemus Moth","scientificName":"Antheraea polyphemus","kind":"insect","trophic":"herbivore","rarity":"uncommon","diet":"as a caterpillar, tree leaves — oak, birch, hickory, maple, willow. The adult moth has no working mouth and never eats anything at all.","shelter":"Spins a tough silk cocoon wrapped in a leaf; the cocoon falls with the leaves in autumn and overwinters on the forest floor.","preferredHabitat":"Broadleaf woodland and woodland edge with oak, birch and hickory, and an undisturbed litter layer beneath them.","fact":"The adult moth has no mouth. It cannot eat a single thing — everything it will ever spend finding a mate and laying eggs was eaten months earlier, by the caterpillar.","role":"This moth stands for the caterpillar layer, the step nearly every forest bird depends on. Caterpillars turn tough, chewy tree leaves into soft protein, and it is caterpillars, not seeds, that woodland songbirds cram into their chicks. The adults that make it through feed bats at dusk. The cocoons spend all winter down in the fallen leaves, so a woodland raked bare in autumn throws next summer's moths out with the leaf bags.","eats":[],"eatsOther":["birch leaves","hickory leaves","maple leaves"],"eatenBy":[{"id":"woodpecker","stage":"young"},{"id":"nuthatch","stage":"young"},{"id":"skunk","stage":"adult"},{"id":"raccoon","stage":"young"},{"id":"towhee","stage":"young"},"skunk"],"requirements":{"minHealth":15,"objects":{"birch-tree":1,"oak-tree":1,"leaf-litter-pile":2},"signature":"birch-tree","animals":[],"hint":"Broadleaf trees for the caterpillars to eat, and leaves left lying all winter for the cocoons hidden among them."},"sources":[{"name":"Animal Diversity Web — Antheraea polyphemus","url":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Antheraea_polyphemus/"},{"name":"Butterflies and Moths of North America — Antheraea polyphemus","url":"https://www.butterfliesandmoths.org/species/Antheraea-polyphemus"}],"biome":"forest"},{"id":"wood-duck","name":"Wood Duck","scientificName":"Aix sponsa","kind":"bird","trophic":"herbivore","rarity":"uncommon","diet":"acorns, seeds and aquatic plants; ducklings eat insects and snails for their first weeks","shelter":"Obligate cavity nester — old woodpecker holes and natural hollows in trees over or beside water","preferredHabitat":"Wooded ponds, sloughs and slow backwaters with big cavity trees standing in or near the water","fact":"A wood duckling leaves home the day after it hatches by jumping out of a hole up to fifty feet up, bouncing off the ground or water, and walking away unhurt.","role":"The wood duck is the clearest borrower in the forest: it cannot make a hole and cannot nest without one, so it turns up only after the woodpeckers do. It ferries acorns and pond-plant seeds between the woods and the water, and it feeds owls, raccoons and foxes. Wood ducks nearly vanished a century ago, and what still limits them is holes.","eats":[],"eatsOther":["duckweed","aquatic plants","sedge seeds","snails"],"eatenBy":["great-horned-owl",{"id":"raccoon","stage":"eggs"},{"id":"gray-fox","stage":"eggs"},"goshawk"],"requirements":{"minHealth":60,"objects":{"flooded-cavity-snag":1,"oak-tree":1,"woodland-pool":1},"signature":"flooded-cavity-snag","animals":["pileated-woodpecker"],"water":{"lake":4},"hint":"An old woodpecker hole in a snag standing over quiet water, with oaks nearby for acorns."},"sources":[{"name":"Cornell Lab All About Birds — Wood Duck life history","url":"https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Wood_Duck/lifehistory"},{"name":"Animal Diversity Web — Aix sponsa","url":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Aix_sponsa/"}],"biome":"forest"},{"id":"flying-squirrel","name":"Flying Squirrel","scientificName":"Glaucomys sabrinus","kind":"mammal","trophic":"herbivore","rarity":"rare","diet":"mostly underground truffle fungi; also lichens, acorns, tree seeds and some insects","shelter":"Old woodpecker cavities and natural hollows; huddles in groups through winter to stay warm","preferredHabitat":"Cool, closed-canopy hemlock and hardwood forest with old cavity trees and a deep fungal layer in the soil","fact":"Flying squirrels do not fly, they glide — and under ultraviolet light their fur glows bubblegum pink, something nobody noticed until a researcher pointed a UV torch into the trees a few years ago.","role":"This squirrel lives mostly on mushrooms, and mostly on underground ones it has to smell through the soil and dig up. The spores ride through it and get planted at the next set of tree roots, so squirrel, fungus and tree are one loop that keeps all three going. It cannot cut a hole either, so it sleeps in old woodpecker cavities, huddled in a heap with others for warmth — and it is the favourite meal of owls and fishers, which is how energy from the underground fungi ends up at the very top of the food web.","eats":[],"eatsOther":["lichens","tree seeds","hickory nuts"],"eatenBy":["fisher","great-horned-owl",{"id":"raccoon","stage":"young"},"gray-fox"],"requirements":{"minHealth":65,"objects":{"truffle-patch":2,"pileated-cavity-snag":1,"nesting-tree":1},"signature":"truffle-patch","animals":["pileated-woodpecker"],"hint":"Truffles in the soil to dig up and an old woodpecker hole to sleep in. It makes neither for itself."},"sources":[{"name":"Animal Diversity Web — Glaucomys sabrinus","url":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Glaucomys_sabrinus/"},{"name":"USDA Forest Service — Northern flying squirrel ecology and diet","url":"https://www.nrs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/jrnl/2007/nrs_2007_ford_006.pdf"}],"biome":"forest"},{"id":"pileated-woodpecker","name":"Pileated Woodpecker","scientificName":"Dryocopus pileatus","kind":"bird","trophic":"insectivore","rarity":"uncommon","diet":"carpenter ants and wood-boring beetle larvae above all; also berries and nuts","shelter":"Excavates a new rectangular nest cavity each year in a large dead snag, and leaves last year's behind","preferredHabitat":"Mature forest with large-diameter standing snags and plenty of big fallen logs on the ground","fact":"A pileated woodpecker chisels rectangular holes so deep into rotten trunks that a small tree can snap in half where it has been working.","role":"This is the forest's landlord. It carves a fresh nest hole every spring and never reuses the old one, and the leftovers become homes for wood ducks, flying squirrels, fishers, bats and owls — none of which can make a hole themselves. It needs two things a tidied forest lacks: standing snags fat enough to hold a cavity, and fallen logs rotted soft enough to fill with carpenter ants. Bring those back and a dozen other species follow it in.","eats":[],"eatsOther":["carpenter ants","beetle larvae","termites","berries","nuts"],"eatenBy":["great-horned-owl",{"id":"raccoon","stage":"eggs"}],"requirements":{"minHealth":55,"objects":{"standing-deadwood":2,"nesting-tree":1,"rotting-heartwood-log":2},"signature":"rotting-heartwood-log","hint":"Big snags — plural, and thick — plus logs on the ground rotted hollow enough to tear straight into."},"sources":[{"name":"Cornell Lab All About Birds — Pileated Woodpecker life history","url":"https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Pileated_Woodpecker/lifehistory"},{"name":"Animal Diversity Web — Dryocopus pileatus","url":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Dryocopus_pileatus/"},{"name":"NPS — Pileated Woodpecker","url":"https://home.nps.gov/articles/pileated-woodpecker.htm"}],"biome":"forest"},{"id":"skunk","name":"Skunk","scientificName":"Mephitis mephitis","kind":"mammal","trophic":"insectivore","rarity":"common","diet":"beetle grubs and insects dug out of the soil, plus eggs, berries and mice","shelter":"A borrowed burrow or a hollow under a log, plugged with leaves in the coldest weeks","preferredHabitat":"Forest edges and clearings with soft diggable ground and plenty of cover","fact":"A skunk would much rather not spray you. First it stamps its front feet, then it hisses, then it does a handstand — and only if you ignore all three does it turn around and fire, accurately, from about three metres.","role":"The forest's night gardener. It spends the dark hours digging little cone-shaped holes across the floor hunting beetle grubs, turning over the soil as it goes, and almost nothing dares hunt it — except the great horned owl, which has no sense of smell worth mentioning.","eats":["polyphemus-moth","luna-moth"],"eatsOther":["beetle grubs","insects","eggs","berries","mice"],"eatenBy":["great-horned-owl"],"requirements":{"minHealth":42,"objects":{"grub-digging-ground":1,"hollow-log":1,"brush-pile":1},"signature":"grub-digging-ground","animals":["polyphemus-moth","luna-moth"],"hint":"Soft, diggable earth full of grubs, and a hollow log to sleep the day away in. It wants somewhere to dig more than somewhere to hide."},"sources":[{"name":"Animal Diversity Web — Mephitis mephitis","url":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Mephitis_mephitis/"}],"biome":"forest"},{"id":"fisher","name":"Fisher","scientificName":"Pekania pennanti","kind":"mammal","trophic":"mesopredator","rarity":"rare","diet":"small and medium mammals — porcupines, squirrels, hares — plus birds, carrion and fruit","shelter":"Dens in hollow logs and ground burrows; kits are raised in a cavity high inside a living tree","preferredHabitat":"Unbroken conifer and mixed forest with a closed canopy and large hollow trees","fact":"The fisher is one of the only animals that eats porcupines. It circles round to the face — the one place with no quills — and keeps biting until it can flip the porcupine over and reach the belly.","role":"The fisher treats the treetops like the ground, chasing squirrels through branches and catching flying squirrels most predators never even see, and it is the main check on porcupine numbers. Because it needs canopy that connects tree to tree and big trees hollow enough to raise kits inside, finding a fisher tells you the forest is old and joined up rather than cut into patches.","eats":["porcupine","tree-squirrel","chipmunk","flying-squirrel","raccoon","ratsnake"],"eatsOther":["berries","carrion","shrews","voles"],"eatenBy":["bobcat"],"requirements":{"minHealth":60,"objects":{"hollow-denning-tree":1,"pileated-cavity-snag":1,"nesting-tree":2},"signature":"hollow-denning-tree","animals":["porcupine","tree-squirrel"],"hint":"Closed canopy overhead, a big living tree hollow enough to raise kits high off the ground, and squirrels and porcupines below to hunt."},"sources":[{"name":"NPS — Species Spotlight: Fisher","url":"https://www.nps.gov/articles/netn-species-spotlight-fisher.htm"},{"name":"Animal Diversity Web — Fisher (Pekania pennanti)","url":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Martes_pennanti/"}],"biome":"forest"},{"id":"american-goldfinch","name":"American Goldfinch","scientificName":"Spinus tristis","kind":"bird","trophic":"herbivore","rarity":"common","diet":"almost entirely seeds — thistle, sunflower, aster and grass seed","shelter":"A tight cup nest lashed a few feet up in a shrub, bound with spider silk and lined with thistle down","preferredHabitat":"Weedy fields and open ground with native thistle, sunflower and asters left standing","fact":"Goldfinches are such strict vegetarians that a cowbird chick sneaked into a goldfinch nest starves — it cannot survive on an all-seed diet.","role":"A seed specialist that waits until midsummer to nest, when thistle down is finally ready to line the cup. It feeds its chicks on seed rather than insects, which almost no other songbird does, and it scatters thistle and sunflower seed across the meadow as it feeds. Being small and everywhere makes it a favourite of bird-catching hawks.","eats":[],"eatsOther":["aster seeds","grass seeds","sunflower seeds","thistle seeds"],"eatenBy":[],"requirements":{"minHealth":45,"objects":{"sunflower-patch":1,"native-thistle-stand":1,"native-grass-patch":1},"signature":"sunflower-patch","hint":"Let the sunflowers and native thistles stand and go to seed. The down is what the late nest is lined with, so don't cut them back in autumn."},"sources":[{"name":"Cornell All About Birds — American Goldfinch","url":"https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/American_Goldfinch/lifehistory"},{"name":"Xerces Society — Standing Up for Native Thistles","url":"https://xerces.org/blog/standing-up-for-native-thistles"}],"biome":"meadow"},{"id":"praying-mantis","name":"Praying Mantis","scientificName":"Stagmomantis californica","kind":"insect","trophic":"insectivore","rarity":"uncommon","diet":"live insects seized by ambush — grasshoppers, bees, butterflies and anything else that walks past","shelter":"Perches motionless on plants; glues a foam egg case to a stiff standing stem for the winter","preferredHabitat":"Meadows and flowery edges with standing vegetation to ambush from","fact":"A mantis has one ear, in the middle of its chest, and it is tuned to bat calls. When it hears a bat hunting it folds its wings and power-dives out of the sky.","role":"A sit-still ambush hunter that snaps out its spined forelegs faster than you can blink and swivels its head almost right around to watch you. It is not a pest-control specialist — it takes whatever comes past, which means grasshoppers, but also bumble bees, leafcutter bees and monarch caterpillars. Bluebirds, meadowlarks, garter snakes and bats take it in turn.","eats":["bumblebee","grasshopper","ladybug",{"id":"monarch-butterfly","stage":"young"}],"eatsOther":["flies","moths","other live insects"],"eatenBy":["brown-bat",{"id":"bluebird","stage":"young"},"garter-snake",{"id":"western-meadowlark","stage":"young"}],"requirements":{"minHealth":24,"objects":{"mantis-ootheca-stem":1,"wildflower-patch":1,"native-grass-patch":1},"signature":"mantis-ootheca-stem","animals":["grasshopper","monarch-butterfly"],"hint":"Leave stiff dead stems standing through the winter. That's where the foam egg case is glued, and cutting them back in autumn cuts next summer's brood."},"sources":[{"name":"NC State Extension — Challenging the conventional wisdom about praying mantids","url":"https://growingsmallfarms.ces.ncsu.edu/news/challenging-the-conventional-wisdom-about-praying-mantids/"},{"name":"iNaturalist — Stagmomantis californica","url":"https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/82008-Stagmomantis-californica"}],"biome":"meadow"},{"id":"bluebird","name":"Bluebird","scientificName":"Sialia sialis","kind":"bird","trophic":"insectivore","rarity":"uncommon","diet":"ground insects — caterpillars, beetles, grasshoppers — plus berries in winter","shelter":"Grass-lined nest inside a tree cavity, an old woodpecker hole or a nest box","preferredHabitat":"Grassy openings with scattered trees and low perches to drop from","fact":"A bluebird can spot a caterpillar on the ground from the top of a fencepost twenty metres away, drop on it, and be back on the post before you've noticed it left.","role":"Bluebirds hunt by perching, staring at short grass, and dropping. They cannot cut their own nest hole, so they take over holes something else made — and in a meadow with no woodpecker, that means a nest box. Volunteers putting up box trails are a large part of why this bird came back at all.","eats":["bumblebee","grasshopper",{"id":"praying-mantis","stage":"young"}],"eatsOther":["beetles","berries","caterpillars","crickets","spiders"],"eatenBy":[],"requirements":{"minHealth":55,"objects":{"bluebird-nest-box":1,"berry-bush":1,"bird-perch":1},"signature":"bluebird-nest-box","animals":["grasshopper","bumblebee"],"hint":"It can't make its own hole. Put a box up facing open grass, keep the grass short enough to hunt over, and add berries for the winter."},"sources":[{"name":"Cornell All About Birds — Eastern Bluebird","url":"https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Eastern_Bluebird/lifehistory"},{"name":"Sialis — Eastern Bluebird biology","url":"https://www.sialis.org/ebbio.htm"}],"biome":"meadow"},{"id":"american-badger","name":"American Badger","scientificName":"Taxidea taxus","kind":"mammal","trophic":"mesopredator","rarity":"rare","diet":"ground squirrels, gophers, voles and mice dug straight out of their tunnels; also insects and bumble bee nests","shelter":"Digs its own large burrows; one of the fastest excavators alive","preferredHabitat":"Open grassland with deep, stone-free, diggable soil and a rodent colony to work","fact":"A badger can dig itself completely out of sight in under a minute — and it sometimes hunts alongside a mountain lion, the badger going in from below while the mountain lion grabs whatever bolts out of the top.","role":"A carnivore that hunts by excavation, going down a squirrel or gopher tunnel after its owner. That only works in deep stone-free soil, and only where there is a rodent colony worth the digging. The big holes it leaves behind get reused by foxes, coyotes and burrowing insects for years afterwards. Adults are safe from almost everything; cubs are not.","eats":["bumblebee","cottontail-rabbit","ground-squirrel","prairie-vole","western-meadowlark","snail"],"eatsOther":["carrion","ground-nesting bird eggs","insects","mice","pocket gophers"],"eatenBy":[{"id":"coyote","stage":"young"}],"requirements":{"minHealth":65,"objects":{"deep-loam-soil-bank":1,"native-grass-patch":2,"bare-soil-scrape":1},"signature":"deep-loam-soil-bank","animals":["ground-squirrel","prairie-vole"],"hint":"Deep stone-free soil it can tear through, wide grass on top, and a ground squirrel colony to hunt. Rock piles are the opposite of what it wants."},"sources":[{"name":"Animal Diversity Web — Taxidea taxus","url":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Taxidea_taxus/"},{"name":"NatureWorks — American Badger","url":"https://nhpbs.org/natureworks/americanbadger.htm"}],"biome":"meadow"},{"id":"freshwater-shrimp","name":"Freshwater Shrimp","scientificName":"Hyalella azteca","kind":"invertebrate","trophic":"detritivore","rarity":"common","diet":"dead leaves and stems, the fungi and bacteria growing on them, and algal film scraped off plants.","shelter":"Among submerged litter, plant stems and the loose top layer of sediment.","preferredHabitat":"Shallow, well-oxygenated water with a deep drift of decaying plant litter.","fact":"Freshwater shrimp swim on their sides, and males carry females around piggyback for days before they mate. Lift a handful of soggy leaves out of a pond and dozens of them will be flicking about in it.","role":"The marsh's shredder. One shrimp chews a single dead cattail leaf into thousands of crumbs — and it is really after the fungus furring the leaf, not the leaf itself. That is how a heap of dead plants becomes food for minnows, salamander larvae and dragonfly nymphs.","eats":[],"eatsOther":["decaying leaf litter","aquatic fungi","bacterial film","algae"],"eatenBy":["minnow","crayfish","dragonfly","tiger-salamander"],"requirements":{"minHealth":16,"objects":{"detritus-drift":1},"water":{"tiles":2},"hint":"A drift of rotting leaves in still water is all they need."},"sources":[{"name":"Wikipedia — Hyalella azteca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyalella_azteca"},{"name":"Biological Invasions — Potential impact of invasive amphipods on leaf litter recycling in aquatic ecosystems","url":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10530-011-9969-y"}],"biome":"wetland","aquatic":true},{"id":"crayfish","name":"Crayfish","scientificName":"Faxonius virilis","kind":"invertebrate","trophic":"detritivore","rarity":"common","diet":"decaying plants and carcasses, live aquatic plants, snails, insect larvae and freshwater shrimp.","shelter":"Burrows dug into saturated banks, and gaps beneath sunken logs and stones.","preferredHabitat":"Slow, weedy water with woody cover and a bank soft enough to dig into.","fact":"Lose a claw in a fight and a crayfish just grows a new one, a little bigger at every moult, until it matches the old one. Startle it and it flips its tail and rockets backwards faster than you can grab.","role":"The marsh's recycler, and very nearly everybody's dinner. Crayfish shred dead plants and tidy up carcasses, turning buried gunk back into living meat — which the otter, the mink, the kingfisher, the merganser, the crane, the snapping turtle and the heron then come and take.","eats":["freshwater-shrimp"],"eatsOther":["detritus","carrion","snails"],"eatenBy":["river-otter","mink","kingfisher","merganser","snapping-turtle","great-blue-heron","sandhill-crane"],"requirements":{"minHealth":22,"objects":{"crayfish-burrow-bank":2,"marsh-log":1,"mud-bank":1},"signature":"crayfish-burrow-bank","animals":["freshwater-shrimp"],"water":{"tiles":3},"hint":"A soft bank to tunnel into, sunken wood to hide under, and plenty of rotting plants to eat."},"sources":[{"name":"Reviews in Fisheries Science — Redefining the role of crayfish in aquatic ecosystems","url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10641269509388566"},{"name":"Oecologia — Effects of crayfish on leaf processing and invertebrate colonisation of leaves","url":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s004420000422"}],"biome":"wetland","aquatic":true},{"id":"freshwater-mussel","name":"Freshwater Mussel","scientificName":"Pyganodon grandis","kind":"invertebrate","trophic":"filter-feeder","rarity":"uncommon","diet":"algae, bacteria and fine dead particles strained out of the water.","shelter":"Burrowed upright in stable fine sediment with only its two siphons showing.","preferredHabitat":"Slow, settled water over firm silt and fine sand.","fact":"A baby mussel has to hitchhike. It clamps onto the gills of a passing fish and rides there for weeks before dropping off to start life on the bottom — and some mother mussels wave a flap of flesh shaped like a little fish to lure a host in close.","role":"The marsh's water filter, and one of the longest-lived animals in it. One mussel can strain the same patch of water for thirty years, dropping what it catches to the bottom for shrimp and crayfish. No fish means no baby mussels, so the mussels only come back after the minnows do.","eats":[],"eatsOther":["algae","bacteria","fine detritus"],"eatenBy":["muskrat","river-otter"],"requirements":{"minHealth":42,"objects":{"stable-silt-shoal":2,"marsh-log":1},"signature":"stable-silt-shoal","water":{"tiles":5},"animals":["minnow"],"hint":"A settled bed that stays put for years — and fish, because young they ride to their new home clamped to fish gills."},"sources":[{"name":"Xerces Society — About Freshwater Mussels","url":"https://xerces.org/endangered-species/freshwater-mussels/about"},{"name":"NC Wildlife — General Life History for Mussels","url":"https://www.ncwildlife.gov/wildlife-habitat/species/general-life-history-mussels"}],"biome":"wetland","aquatic":true},{"id":"leopard-frog","name":"Leopard Frog","scientificName":"Lithobates pipiens","kind":"amphibian","trophic":"insectivore","rarity":"common","diet":"insects, spiders and worms taken in wet meadows and along the water's edge","shelter":"Shallow water in spring; damp grassy meadow through the summer","preferredHabitat":"Lily-fringed shallows with wet meadow beside them","fact":"A startled leopard frog leaps in zig-zags away from the water instead of towards it — and the second it lands in long grass those big dark spots break its outline up and it vanishes.","role":"The frog that leaves the pond. It spends the whole summer hunting insects out in damp meadow and only hops back to the water in autumn, which is why a marsh mown right to the waterline loses its leopard frogs first.","eats":["dragonfly","water-strider"],"eatsOther":["beetles","flies","spiders","worms"],"eatenBy":["great-blue-heron","mink","river-otter","snapping-turtle",{"id":"dragonfly","stage":"young"}],"requirements":{"minHealth":46,"objects":{"wet-meadow-margin":2,"lily-pool":1,"marsh-marigold":1},"signature":"wet-meadow-margin","animals":["water-strider","dragonfly"],"water":{"tiles":3},"hint":"A lily pool to breed in and a wide band of damp meadow beside it to spend the whole summer hunting in."},"sources":[{"name":"Animal Diversity Web — Lithobates pipiens","url":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Lithobates_pipiens/"},{"name":"National Park Service — Northern Leopard Frog","url":"https://www.nps.gov/articles/leopard-frog.htm"}],"biome":"wetland"},{"id":"marsh-wren","name":"Marsh Wren","scientificName":"Cistothorus palustris","kind":"bird","trophic":"insectivore","rarity":"common","diet":"insects and spiders picked from marsh stems","shelter":"Woven dome nests lashed among cattails and bulrushes","preferredHabitat":"Cattail and bulrush stands over water","fact":"A male marsh wren builds up to a dozen empty practice nests for one female to come and inspect — and while he is at it he will sneak into a neighbour's nest and punch holes in the eggs.","role":"A thumb-sized bird with an enormous attitude. It runs up and down reed stems picking off spiders and insects, stitches hanging ball nests between the stiff stalks, and robs the eggs of anything that nests too close.","eats":[{"id":"red-winged-blackbird","stage":"eggs"}],"eatsOther":["insects","spiders"],"eatenBy":[],"requirements":{"minHealth":44,"objects":{"bulrush":2,"cattail-stand":2},"signature":"bulrush","animals":["red-winged-blackbird"],"water":{"tiles":2},"hint":"Bulrush and cattail standing in water — stiff stems it can weave a hanging ball nest between."},"sources":[{"name":"Cornell Lab All About Birds — Marsh Wren life history","url":"https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Marsh_Wren/lifehistory"},{"name":"Animal Diversity Web — Cistothorus palustris","url":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Cistothorus_palustris/"}],"biome":"wetland"},{"id":"snapping-turtle","name":"Snapping Turtle","scientificName":"Chelydra serpentina","kind":"reptile","trophic":"scavenger","rarity":"uncommon","diet":"carrion, fish, crayfish, aquatic plants and almost anything else it can catch","shelter":"Muddy pond bottoms; females travel overland to sandy banks to nest","preferredHabitat":"Deep still water with a soft mud bottom and a sandy rise to nest on","fact":"A snapping turtle is too big to pull into its own shell, so it does not bother trying. Underwater it is calm and shy and will swim away from you — the famous snap only comes out when it is stranded on dry land with nowhere left to hide.","role":"The marsh's bulldozer and its clean-up crew, walking the bottom eating carrion, plants, fish and the occasional duckling. Grown adults are almost untouchable; it is the eggs everything digs up, which is why one good nest bank matters more than any single old turtle.","eats":["minnow","crayfish","leopard-frog",{"id":"mallard","stage":"young"},"river-cooter"],"eatsOther":["aquatic plants","carrion"],"eatenBy":[],"requirements":{"minHealth":58,"objects":{"sandy-nest-bank":1,"beaver-pond":1},"signature":"sandy-nest-bank","water":{"lake":5},"animals":["minnow"],"hint":"Deep still water with a soft bottom, plus a warm sandy rise above the waterline for the females to dig their nests in."},"sources":[{"name":"Animal Diversity Web — Chelydra serpentina","url":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Chelydra_serpentina/"},{"name":"Ontario Nature — Snapping Turtle","url":"https://ontarionature.org/programs/community-science/reptile-amphibian-atlas/snapping-turtle/"}],"biome":"wetland","aquatic":true},{"id":"kingfisher","name":"Kingfisher","scientificName":"Megaceryle alcyon","kind":"bird","trophic":"mesopredator","rarity":"uncommon","diet":"small fish and crayfish","shelter":"Tunnel burrows dug a metre or more into bare earthen banks","preferredHabitat":"Clear water with a bare vertical bank beside it and perches overhead","fact":"A kingfisher shuts its eyes just before it hits the water, so the last part of the dive is flown blind from memory. Then it whacks the fish against a branch and swallows it head-first so the fins fold the right way.","role":"The rattling plunge-diver of the marsh, and one of the rare birds where the female is the flashier of the pair. It digs its own nest tunnel a metre back into a bare earth bank, so a marsh stuffed with fish but with no raw bank still gets no kingfishers.","eats":["minnow","crayfish"],"eatsOther":[],"eatenBy":[],"requirements":{"minHealth":62,"objects":{"cut-bank-burrow":1,"mud-bank":1,"beaver-pond":1},"signature":"cut-bank-burrow","water":{"tiles":5},"animals":["minnow","crayfish"],"hint":"Clear open water to dive into and a bare vertical earth bank to tunnel into. A nest box is no use to a bird that digs its own."},"sources":[{"name":"Cornell Lab All About Birds — Belted Kingfisher life history","url":"https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Belted_Kingfisher/lifehistory"},{"name":"Animal Diversity Web — Megaceryle alcyon","url":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Megaceryle_alcyon/"}],"biome":"wetland"},{"id":"merganser","name":"Merganser","scientificName":"Lophodytes cucullatus","kind":"bird","trophic":"mesopredator","rarity":"uncommon","diet":"small fish, crayfish, dragonfly nymphs and other aquatic insects","shelter":"Tree cavities in standing dead timber over or beside water","preferredHabitat":"Quiet ponds with drowned standing trees","fact":"Merganser ducklings jump out of a tree hole up to fifteen metres above the ground the day after they hatch, bounce off the leaf litter unhurt, and are diving for their own food within a day of landing.","role":"A tiny diving duck with a fold-out white fan on its head, a saw-edged bill for gripping slippery fish, and a clear third eyelid it wears like swimming goggles. It nests in holes in drowned trees, which makes a beaver pond exactly its sort of place.","eats":["minnow","crayfish",{"id":"dragonfly","stage":"young"}],"eatsOther":[],"eatenBy":["bald-eagle",{"id":"mink","stage":"young"}],"requirements":{"minHealth":52,"objects":{"alder-snag":2,"beaver-pond":1,"duck-nest-box":1},"signature":"alder-snag","water":{"tiles":4},"animals":["minnow","crayfish"],"hint":"A wooded pond with dead trees still standing in it. The hen wants a hole in a drowned alder — a nest box is only a stand-in."},"sources":[{"name":"Cornell Lab All About Birds — Hooded Merganser life history","url":"https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Hooded_Merganser/lifehistory"},{"name":"Animal Diversity Web — Lophodytes cucullatus","url":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Lophodytes_cucullatus/"}],"biome":"wetland"},{"id":"pillbug","name":"Pillbug","scientificName":"Armadillidium vulgare","kind":"invertebrate","trophic":"detritivore","rarity":"common","diet":"dead leaves, rotting wood, grass thatch and fungal threads; also droppings and old bones for minerals","shelter":"Hides by day under crumbling logs, flat stones and deep litter, where the air stays damp","preferredHabitat":"Shaded, damp corners of meadow with rotting wood and a thick layer of dead plant litter","fact":"A pillbug is not an insect at all — it's a crustacean, closer kin to a crab than to a beetle, and it still breathes through gill-like flaps that have to stay wet.","role":"Pillbugs work the night shift under logs and thatch, shredding dead leaves and soft rotten wood into crumbs small enough for fungi and bacteria to finish off. That shredding is the first step in turning last year's meadow into next year's soil. Garter snakes and killdeer hunt them, so the recycling crew feeds upward as well as downward.","eats":[],"eatsOther":["dead leaves","rotting wood","grass thatch","droppings"],"eatenBy":["garter-snake"],"requirements":{"minHealth":9,"objects":{"rotting-log-crumble":1},"signature":"rotting-log-crumble","hint":"Damp, dark and rotting is the whole recipe — a crumbling log, deep thatch, and ground that never dries right out. Roll one over and it curls into a ball."},"sources":[{"name":"Animal Diversity Web — Armadillidium vulgare","url":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Armadillidium_vulgare/"},{"name":"UF/IFAS Featured Creatures — pillbug","url":"https://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/misc/pillbug.htm"}],"biome":"meadow"},{"id":"garden-spider","name":"Garden Spider","scientificName":"Argiope aurantia","kind":"invertebrate","trophic":"insectivore","rarity":"common","diet":"flying and jumping insects caught in the web — grasshoppers, bees, flies, moths","shelter":"Hangs head-down at the hub of its own orb web, slung between tall standing stems","preferredHabitat":"Sunny meadow with tall stiff vegetation left standing and plenty of flying insects","fact":"This spider takes down most of its web every night and eats the old silk to build the next one — and it stitches a bold white zigzag through the middle that nobody has fully explained yet.","role":"The meadow's trapper. It slings a wheel of silk wider than your hand between tall stems and waits head-down at the hub for grasshoppers, bees and flies to blunder in. Spiders are the largest predator group in any grassland and the biggest single thing missing from this meadow until now — they eat enormous numbers of insects, and they are in turn the main food of half the songbirds here.","eats":["bumblebee","grasshopper","ladybug"],"eatsOther":["flies","moths","wasps"],"eatenBy":[],"requirements":{"minHealth":26,"objects":{"orb-web-anchor-stems":1,"wildflower-patch":1},"signature":"orb-web-anchor-stems","animals":["grasshopper","ladybug"],"hint":"Tall stiff stems left standing, spaced far enough apart to sling a big web between them, with flowers close by to bring the insects in."},"sources":[{"name":"Animal Diversity Web — Argiope aurantia","url":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Argiope_aurantia/"},{"name":"UF/IFAS Featured Creatures — yellow garden spider","url":"https://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/urban/spiders/Argiope_aurantia.htm"}],"biome":"meadow"},{"id":"brown-bat","name":"Brown Bat","scientificName":"Eptesicus fuscus","kind":"mammal","trophic":"insectivore","rarity":"uncommon","diet":"night-flying insects, especially beetles, plus moths, flying ants and midges","shelter":"Roosts by day in warm dark spaces — barn lofts, attics, and under loose bark; hibernates in cold cracks","preferredHabitat":"Open meadow and hedgerow airspace to hunt over, with still water to drink from and a warm roost nearby","fact":"A big brown bat finds a moth in total darkness by shouting and listening to the echo — and it can pick out something no thicker than a pencil lead this way.","role":"The night shift over the meadow. Big brown bats work the air above the grass and along the hedgerows after sunset, catching beetles, moths and flying ants; one bat can put away thousands of insects in a single night. They drink on the wing, dipping their jaws into still water without stopping, and mothers gather in warm roosts to raise pups together. Great horned owls catch them at dusk.","eats":["praying-mantis"],"eatsOther":["beetles","moths","flying ants","midges"],"eatenBy":[],"requirements":{"minHealth":50,"objects":{"bat-maternity-roost":1,"small-pond":1,"oak-tree":1},"signature":"bat-maternity-roost","animals":["praying-mantis"],"water":{"tiles":2},"conditions":{"dayPhase":["dusk","night"]},"hint":"A warm crevice to raise pups in, insects in the air above the grass, and calm open water it can skim a drink from without landing."},"sources":[{"name":"Animal Diversity Web — Eptesicus fuscus","url":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Eptesicus_fuscus/"},{"name":"Bat Conservation International — Big Brown Bat","url":"https://www.batcon.org/bat/eptesicus-fuscus/"}],"biome":"meadow"},{"id":"barn-owl","name":"Barn Owl","scientificName":"Tyto furcata","kind":"bird","trophic":"apex-predator","rarity":"rare","diet":"almost entirely small mammals under about 100 grams — voles, mice and shrews","shelter":"Nests and roosts in a dark high cavity: a barn loft, a hollow tree, or a large nest box. Builds nothing itself","preferredHabitat":"Wide open grassland to hunt over, with a dark cavity above ground to sleep and nest in","fact":"A barn owl can catch a mouse in complete darkness by sound alone. One ear sits higher than the other, so it hears in three dimensions — and the fringed edges of its wings mean the mouse never hears it coming.","role":"The meadow works a night shift, and the barn owl runs it. While the hawk and the mountain lion hunt by daylight, this one quarters the same grass in the dark on silent wings, living almost entirely on voles — a single family can take well over a thousand of them in a year. Nothing here hunts the barn owl back.","eats":["prairie-vole",{"id":"cottontail-rabbit","stage":"young"},"opossum"],"eatsOther":["mice","shrews","pocket gophers"],"eatenBy":[],"requirements":{"minHealth":60,"objects":{"barn-loft-nest-box":1,"native-grass-patch":2,"bird-perch":1},"signature":"barn-loft-nest-box","animals":["prairie-vole"],"conditions":{"dayPhase":["dusk","night"]},"hint":"A dark loft or a deep box up off the ground, wide grass to quarter over, and a meadow already full of voles. It takes its water from its prey."},"sources":[{"name":"Cornell All About Birds — American Barn Owl","url":"https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/American_Barn_Owl/lifehistory"},{"name":"American Ornithological Society — 65th Supplement to the Check-list","url":"https://americanornithology.org/publications/north-and-middle-american-checklist/"}],"biome":"meadow"},{"id":"mountain-lion","name":"Mountain Lion","scientificName":"Puma concolor","kind":"mammal","trophic":"apex-predator","rarity":"rare","diet":"deer and wild sheep mostly, plus jackrabbits, foxes and anything else it can get close enough to","shelter":"No fixed home; the kittens are hidden in a dry cave or overhang in a canyon wall","preferredHabitat":"Broken canyon country with ledges, boulders and brush to stalk through, and somewhere reliable to drink","fact":"The biggest cat out here cannot roar. It purrs like a house cat, screams like something out of a nightmare, and can jump five metres straight up onto a ledge from standing.","role":"The top of the desert food chain and a pure ambush hunter — it does not chase things down, it gets close and then explodes. Because it kills by stalking, it needs broken ground and brush to hide in; out on the open flat it goes hungry. It drags a big kill into cover and buries it under sticks and sand to come back to for days, which quietly feeds ravens, foxes and half the beetles in the wash. Kittens spend their first weeks tucked into a cave in a canyon wall, and nothing out here hunts a grown lion.","eats":["jackrabbit","kit-fox","antelope-squirrel","javelina"],"eatsOther":["mule deer","wild sheep","javelina","porcupines","carrion"],"eatenBy":[],"requirements":{"minHealth":75,"water":{"tiles":1},"objects":{"canyon-ledge-den":1,"mesquite-tree":1,"dew-basin":1},"signature":"canyon-ledge-den","animals":["jackrabbit","kit-fox"],"hint":"Big prey first, then rough broken ground to stalk through and a sheltered overhang for the kittens. Unlike most things out here it does come down to drink."},"sources":[{"name":"Animal Diversity Web — Puma concolor","url":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Puma_concolor/"},{"name":"Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum — Mountain Lion","url":"https://www.desertmuseum.org/kids/oz/long-fact-sheets/Mountain%20Lion.php"}],"biome":"desert"},{"id":"snail","name":"Snail","biome":"meadow","kind":"invertebrate","rarity":"common","featured":false,"trophic":"detritivore","diet":"dead leaves, soft rotting stems, and the algae film on damp stones","shelter":"Seals itself to the underside of a damp log or stone and waits out dry weather","preferredHabitat":"Shady, damp corners with leaf litter and something chalky to rasp at","fact":"A snail carries its own house and can shut the door behind it — when things get dry it glues itself to a stone and sleeps until it rains, sometimes for months.","role":"Snails are the meadow's slow recyclers. They shred fallen leaves into crumbs that fungi and soil life can finish off, and their shells give calcium back to the ground when they die.","eats":[],"eatsOther":["dead leaves","rotting stems","algae film","fungi"],"eatenBy":["garter-snake","american-badger","opossum"],"requirements":{"minHealth":10,"objects":{"damp-leaf-corner":1},"signature":"damp-leaf-corner","hint":"A shady damp corner where leaves are allowed to pile up and rot. It wants the mess, not the tidy bit."},"scientificName":"Cepaea nemoralis","sources":[{"name":"Animal Diversity Web — Cepaea nemoralis","url":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Cepaea_nemoralis/"}]},{"id":"mountain-goat","name":"Mountain Goat","scientificName":"Oreamnos americanus","kind":"mammal","trophic":"herbivore","rarity":"rare","diet":"grasses, sedges and alpine forbs in summer; lichen, moss and shrub twigs scraped off rock in winter","shelter":"Beds scraped out on narrow cliff ledges and in shallow caves under overhangs","preferredHabitat":"The steepest broken cliff and ledge ground above the treeline, with turf to graze and a mineral seep within reach","fact":"A mountain goat's hooves split apart as it steps, gripping stone like the rubber on climbing shoes, and it will sleep on a ledge no wider than a doormat with a 300-metre drop underneath it.","role":"The white climber of the high cliffs, grazing turf and lichen and then retreating onto ground so steep that almost nothing can follow. That is the whole trick: goats live where other big grazers simply cannot go. They will walk for hours to a mineral lick and shove each other around at it. Mountain lions are the real threat, while eagles and wolverines take kids. In some ranges goats are native and in others people brought them in, so a white goat on a skyline is not always a local.","eats":[],"eatsOther":["alpine grasses","sedges","mosses","shrub twigs"],"eatenBy":["golden-eagle","wolverine","grizzly-bear"],"requirements":{"minHealth":74,"objects":{"goat-cliff-ledge":2,"alpine-mineral-lick":1,"alpine-turf-mat":2,"scree-slope":1},"signature":"goat-cliff-ledge","water":{"tiles":1},"hint":"Steeper is better. Give it cliff ledges to bed on, turf to graze between them, and a mineral lick, because it will travel for hours to eat salty ground. Do not expect one out on the open flats."},"sources":[{"name":"ADW — Oreamnos americanus","url":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Oreamnos_americanus/"},{"name":"NPS — Mountain Goat","url":"https://www.nps.gov/glac/learn/nature/mountain-goats.htm"}],"biome":"alpine"},{"id":"wolverine","name":"Wolverine","scientificName":"Gulo gulo","kind":"mammal","trophic":"apex-predator","rarity":"rare","diet":"marmots, hares and white-tailed ptarmigan when it can catch them, frozen carcasses when it cannot, and berries in late summer","shelter":"Tunnels dug metres down into deep spring drifts, usually around a fallen boulder or log, with food stored in side chambers","preferredHabitat":"Big, empty, high country with talus and broken rock, and snow that lasts into late spring","fact":"A wolverine can smell a dead animal buried under three metres of snow, dig it out, and then drive a bear off it, all in a body about the size of a small dog.","role":"The largest weasel in the world and the mountain's great scavenger, now the top hunter on these peaks. It roams enormous distances, kills marmots, hares and white-tailed ptarmigan when it gets the chance and lives off frozen carcasses when it does not, cracking frozen bone with jaws built for exactly that. Snow is its refrigerator: it stores food in drifts and dens deep inside them, so a female can only raise kits where the snowpack holds into late spring. That makes it the first animal to go when winters get short — and nothing up here is willing to argue with it over a carcass.","eats":["yellow-bellied-marmot","snowshoe-hare","white-tailed-ptarmigan","pika",{"id":"mountain-goat","stage":"young"}],"eatsOther":["carrion","frozen carcasses","ground squirrels","berries"],"eatenBy":[],"requirements":{"minHealth":76,"objects":{"deep-snow-den":1,"talus-pile":2,"subalpine-fir":1},"signature":"deep-snow-den","animals":["yellow-bellied-marmot","snowshoe-hare"],"water":{"tiles":1},"hint":"It needs space and snow, not scenery. Give it drifts deep enough to last into late spring for the den and the larder, broken rock to travel through, and marmots and hares already on the mountain."},"sources":[{"name":"ADW — Gulo gulo","url":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Gulo_gulo/"},{"name":"USFWS — North American wolverine","url":"https://www.fws.gov/species/north-american-wolverine-gulo-gulo-luscus"}],"biome":"alpine"},{"id":"sea-turtle","name":"Sea Turtle","scientificName":"Chelonia mydas","kind":"reptile","trophic":"herbivore","rarity":"rare","diet":"seagrass above all — eelgrass and surfgrass — plus sea lettuce and other soft algae","shelter":"Sleeps wedged under ledges or resting on quiet sand and gravel bottom between grazing trips","preferredHabitat":"Warm summer water in a sheltered bay with seagrass meadows to graze","fact":"Adult green sea turtles are the only sea turtles that eat plants, and their jaws are serrated like bread knives for sawing through seagrass. They crop the same patch again and again, which keeps it short and tender — a turtle basically mows a lawn on the seafloor.","role":"A summer visitor that swims in from warmer water to eat, not to nest — no turtle lays eggs on a cool coast like this one. Grazing adults keep the seagrass cropped and growing fresh instead of going long and shaggy, and they are the only animal here besides the brant that eats a seagrass meadow for a living.","eats":[],"eatsOther":["eelgrass","sea lettuce","soft red algae"],"eatenBy":[],"requirements":{"minHealth":68,"objects":{"eelgrass-grazing-lawn":2,"surfgrass-bed":1,"protected-sand-gravel-flat":1},"signature":"eelgrass-grazing-lawn","water":{"ocean":8,"deep":true},"hint":"This one comes for the grazing, not the sand, so do not build it a nest beach. Warm summer water, a cropped grazing lawn out in the eelgrass, and quiet bottom to sleep on between meals.","conditions":{"season":["summer"]}},"sources":[{"name":"NOAA Fisheries — Green Turtle","url":"https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/species/green-turtle"},{"name":"Animal Diversity Web — Chelonia mydas","url":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Chelonia_mydas/"}],"biome":"coastal","ocean":true,"amphibious":true},{"id":"bottlenose-dolphin","name":"Bottlenose Dolphin","scientificName":"Tursiops truncatus","kind":"mammal","trophic":"mesopredator","rarity":"uncommon","diet":"schooling fish, especially anchovy, plus squid and bottom fish","shelter":"None built — travels and sleeps at sea in a small group, half its brain awake at a time","preferredHabitat":"Nearshore water along an open beach with a strong surf line and fish schools offshore","fact":"Every dolphin invents its own signature whistle, and the others copy that whistle back when they want to call it over. Along an open beach these dolphins hunt right inside the breakers, surfing the waves they are herding fish against.","role":"Fast, social hunters that work the surf line in small groups, pushing anchovy schools up against the breaking waves until the fish have nowhere left to go. They are quick and clever enough to catch almost anything that schools here — and still not the biggest thing in the water.","eats":["anchovy","shore-crab"],"eatsOther":["squid","sardines","bottom fish"],"eatenBy":["orca"],"requirements":{"minHealth":62,"objects":{"breaking-surf-line":2,"kelp-forest":1,"nutrient-upwelling-current":1},"signature":"breaking-surf-line","water":{"ocean":12,"deep":true},"animals":["anchovy"],"hint":"Deep water to travel through, cold currents and kelp edges to hold the fish, and a real breaking surf line, because that is where this one does its hunting."},"sources":[{"name":"NOAA Fisheries — Common Bottlenose Dolphin","url":"https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/species/common-bottlenose-dolphin"},{"name":"Janik & King 2013, Proc R Soc B — Vocal copying of individually distinctive signature whistles","url":"https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2013.0053"}],"biome":"coastal","ocean":true},{"id":"orca","name":"Orca","scientificName":"Orcinus orca","kind":"mammal","trophic":"apex-predator","rarity":"rare","diet":"marine mammals — harbor seals above all, plus dolphins, sea lions and gray whale calves","shelter":"None ashore; rests at the surface in deep water with its family pod","preferredHabitat":"Cold deep water close inshore, along the drop-off and the kelp edge within reach of seal haul-outs","fact":"Orcas live in families that never split up, and different families eat completely different food. The ones that hunt this coast are mammal specialists, and they go silent to do it — no clicks, no calls — because a seal can hear a talking orca coming from a long way off.","role":"The top of this coast, with nothing above it. A pod of mammal-hunting orcas patrols the drop-off where the seafloor falls away, listening at seal haul-outs and shadowing gray whales that pass through with calves in spring. When they come into a bay, every seal on the rocks goes still and silent.","eats":["harbor-seal","bottlenose-dolphin",{"id":"gray-whale","stage":"young"}],"eatsOther":["sea lions","porpoises"],"eatenBy":[],"requirements":{"minHealth":88,"minBalance":60,"objects":{"deep-canyon-edge":2,"kelp-forest":1,"nutrient-upwelling-current":1},"signature":"deep-canyon-edge","water":{"ocean":18,"deep":true},"animals":["harbor-seal"],"hint":"Deep water pressed right up against the shore and something big to hunt — so bring the seals back first, because the seals are what it comes for."},"sources":[{"name":"NOAA Fisheries — Killer Whale","url":"https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/species/killer-whale"},{"name":"Animal Diversity Web — Orcinus orca","url":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Orcinus_orca/"}],"biome":"coastal","ocean":true},{"id":"desert-millipede","name":"Desert Millipede","scientificName":"Orthoporus ornatus","kind":"invertebrate","trophic":"detritivore","rarity":"common","diet":"dead leaves, stems, seed husks and other dry plant litter on the ground","shelter":"Buried in soil and tucked under litter and rock slabs by day; out walking on damp nights","preferredHabitat":"Litter drifts under shrubs with rock slabs and diggable soil nearby","fact":"A desert millipede spends most of the year underground, then comes pouring out by the hundreds after the first summer storm — and if you touch one it coils into a tight spiral like a cinnamon bun and oozes a bitter brown liquid that stains your fingers for days.","role":"The litter shredder. It chews dead leaves, stems and husks into crumbs small enough for termites and soil microbes to finish, which is how dead plants become soil again out here. It has hundreds of legs and absolutely no hurry — armour and a foul chemical mean it can afford to stroll — but scorpions and roadrunners eat it anyway.","eats":[],"eatsOther":["fallen leaves","dead stems","seed husks"],"eatenBy":["scorpion","roadrunner","elf-owl"],"requirements":{"minHealth":14,"objects":{"shrub-litter-mound":2,"rock-crevice":1},"signature":"shrub-litter-mound","hint":"Let the leaves drift up under the shrubs and leave a slab it can crawl beneath. Damp litter is both its dinner and its hiding place — bare hot sand is neither."},"sources":[{"name":"Animal Diversity Web — Orthoporus ornatus","url":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Orthoporus_ornatus/"},{"name":"Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum — Millipedes and Centipedes","url":"https://www.desertmuseum.org/books/nhsd_millipede.php"}],"biome":"desert"},{"id":"desert-tarantula","name":"Desert Tarantula","scientificName":"Aphonopelma chalcodes","kind":"invertebrate","trophic":"insectivore","rarity":"uncommon","diet":"crickets, beetles, grasshoppers, termites and other spiders","shelter":"A silk-lined burrow in firm soil, its doorway strung with trip-lines","preferredHabitat":"Firm open ground between shrubs with litter and cover close by","fact":"A frightened desert tarantula rubs its back legs over its belly and flicks off a cloud of barbed hairs that itch like fibreglass — and if nothing comes past to eat, it can simply wait, going a whole year between meals.","role":"A patient ambush hunter that lives at the mouth of a silk-lined burrow, feeling for the twitch of a cricket on the trip-lines at its door. A female may keep the same hole for twenty years, which makes her one of the longest-lived animals in the biome. Roadrunners take them — and so does the giant hairy scorpion, which outweighs a desert tarantula and is not remotely afraid of one.","eats":["desert-termite"],"eatsOther":["crickets","grasshoppers","beetles","other spiders"],"eatenBy":["scorpion","roadrunner"],"requirements":{"minHealth":45,"objects":{"tarantula-silk-burrow":1,"bare-ground-patch":1,"creosote-bush":1},"signature":"tarantula-silk-burrow","hint":"Firm ground it can line with silk, and then quiet. A burrow it digs is one she may still be sitting in twenty years from now.","animals":["desert-termite"],"conditions":{"dayPhase":["dusk","night"]}},"sources":[{"name":"Animal Diversity Web — Aphonopelma chalcodes","url":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Aphonopelma_chalcodes/"},{"name":"Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum — Tarantulas","url":"https://www.desertmuseum.org/kids/oz/long-fact-sheets/Tarantula.php"}],"biome":"desert"},{"id":"desert-hawk","name":"Desert Hawk","scientificName":"Parabuteo unicinctus","kind":"bird","trophic":"apex-predator","rarity":"rare","diet":"jackrabbits, ground squirrels, quail, woodrats and lizards","shelter":"A bulky stick nest wedged in the arms of a tall cactus or a thorny tree, built and guarded by the whole family","preferredHabitat":"Open scrub with tall cactus and trees to nest and keep lookout from","fact":"These are the only birds of prey in the world that hunt in packs: a family of five or six spreads out, some crashing into a thorn bush to panic a rabbit while the others wait on the far side. And when there is nowhere decent to perch, they simply stand on each other's backs, three hawks high.","role":"The daytime top predator, working the same desert the mountain lion works at night. Two or three generations live together all year, share every kill, help feed each other's chicks and take turns on lookout — teamwork that lets them bring down jackrabbits far heavier than any single hawk. They need tall lookouts above open ground and a big cactus solid enough to hold a family nest.","eats":["jackrabbit","quail","antelope-squirrel","horned-lizard","roadrunner","grasshopper-mouse"],"eatsOther":["woodrats","lizards"],"eatenBy":[],"requirements":{"minHealth":65,"objects":{"saguaro-crown-nest":1,"saguaro":2,"desert-ironwood":1},"signature":"saguaro-crown-nest","hint":"One bird is never the whole story. A family needs a tall cactus strong enough to hold the nest, high lookouts all around it, and open ground with rabbits crossing it.","animals":["jackrabbit","quail"]},"sources":[{"name":"Cornell Lab All About Birds — Harris's Hawk Life History","url":"https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Harriss_Hawk/lifehistory"},{"name":"Audubon Field Guide — Harris's Hawk","url":"https://www.audubon.org/field-guide/bird/harriss-hawk"}],"biome":"desert"},{"id":"elk","name":"Elk","scientificName":"Cervus canadensis","kind":"mammal","trophic":"herbivore","rarity":"rare","diet":"grass and leafy plants through the growing season; twigs, buds, bark and acorns once the green is gone","shelter":"No den — beds down in thick conifer cover by day and moves out into open gaps to feed at dawn and dusk","preferredHabitat":"Big blocks of forest broken by clearings and young regrowth to graze, thick cover to rest in, and a muddy wallow within a day's walk","fact":"A bull elk grows a whole new set of antlers every year, laying down up to an inch of bone a day — the fastest-growing bone of any animal — and drops the lot each spring. In autumn he bugles: a squeal that carries more than a mile from an animal the size of a horse.","role":"The elk is this forest's big grazer, and the only animal here that eats grass in bulk. Where a squirrel nibbles and a porcupine peels bark, a herd of elk crops whole clearings, keeping gaps open and sunlit so the plants and insects of the forest edge have somewhere to live — and grazing them bare if there are too many. Elk churn wallows into muddy pools that frogs and insects then breed in, carry seeds in their coats and droppings, and their calves are one of the few big meals a bear can find in spring. Elk vanished from these woods for more than a century and are back only where people put them back.","eats":[],"eatsOther":["grasses","leafy plants","twigs","bark","acorns"],"eatenBy":[{"id":"black-bear","stage":"young"}],"requirements":{"minHealth":70,"objects":{"elk-wallow":1,"browse-thicket":2,"woodland-pool":1},"signature":"elk-wallow","water":{"tiles":3},"hint":"Grassy gaps and young regrowth to graze, thick cover to rest in, and a muddy wallow to roll in — a bull plasters himself in mud before he starts bugling."},"sources":[{"name":"Animal Diversity Web — Cervus canadensis","url":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Cervus_canadensis/"},{"name":"Smithsonian's National Zoo — Elk","url":"https://nationalzoo.si.edu/animals/elk"}],"biome":"forest"},{"id":"towhee","name":"Towhee","scientificName":"Pipilo erythrophthalmus","kind":"bird","trophic":"omnivore","rarity":"common","diet":"insects, spiders and millipedes kicked out of the leaf litter, plus seeds, berries and bits of acorn","shelter":"Nests on the ground in dead leaves beneath a bramble or dense shrub, the cup sunk level with the surface","preferredHabitat":"Brushy tangles, forest edges and sunlit gaps where young growth is thick and the ground is deep in fallen leaves","fact":"That loud rustling in the dead leaves usually isn't a deer — it's a bird the size of your hand, kicking backwards with both feet at once to flip the leaves over and see what's underneath.","role":"The towhee works a layer nothing else in this forest bothers with: the top couple of inches of dead leaves. Its two-footed backwards kick turns litter over and over while it hunts the insects, spiders and millipedes hiding there, and the seeds and berries it swallows come back out along the brushy edges. Because the nest sits flat on the ground, the towhee feeds foxes and snakes — and it can only nest where the brush overhead is thick enough to hide a cup of grass.","eats":[{"id":"polyphemus-moth","stage":"young"}],"eatsOther":["millipedes","ground beetles","spiders","seeds","berries"],"eatenBy":["gray-fox",{"id":"ratsnake","stage":"eggs"}],"requirements":{"minHealth":38,"objects":{"bramble-ground-nest":1,"browse-thicket":1},"signature":"bramble-ground-nest","animals":["polyphemus-moth"],"hint":"Thick young brush standing over a deep, unraked leaf layer. The nest goes on the ground, so the tangle above it has to be dense enough to hide it."},"sources":[{"name":"Cornell Lab All About Birds — Eastern Towhee life history","url":"https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Eastern_Towhee/lifehistory"},{"name":"Animal Diversity Web — Pipilo erythrophthalmus","url":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Pipilo_erythrophthalmus/"}],"biome":"forest"},{"id":"water-strider","name":"Water Strider","scientificName":"Aquarius remigis","kind":"insect","trophic":"insectivore","rarity":"common","diet":"insects and spiders trapped in the surface film, plus mosquito larvae hanging just underneath it.","shelter":"Sheltered, wind-free water; overwinters tucked under bank litter and floating debris.","preferredHabitat":"Smooth, calm pockets of open water out of the wind, with floating stems to rest and lay eggs on.","fact":"Water striders do not swim — they stand on the water. Thousands of tiny hairs on each foot trap air and refuse to get wet, and the strider reads ripples the way a spider reads its web to find insects thrashing on the surface.","role":"The marsh's surface patrol, and one of the first animals back once the water is clean and still. Striders skate over the film eating whatever falls in and cannot climb out, and they are themselves easy pickings for minnows, frogs, dragonflies and blackbirds.","eats":[],"eatsOther":["mosquito larvae","midges","fallen insects","spiders"],"eatenBy":["minnow","leopard-frog","dragonfly","red-winged-blackbird"],"requirements":{"minHealth":20,"objects":{"still-water-cove":2,"cattail-stand":1,"shallow-water-pool":1},"signature":"still-water-cove","water":{"tiles":2},"hint":"This one needs calm. Find a pocket of water the wind cannot ruffle, with floating stems on it to rest and lay eggs on."},"sources":[{"name":"Animal Diversity Web — Aquarius remigis","url":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Aquarius_remigis/"},{"name":"Nature — The hydrodynamics of water strider locomotion","url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/nature01793"}],"biome":"wetland","aquatic":true},{"id":"bald-eagle","name":"Bald Eagle","scientificName":"Haliaeetus leucocephalus","kind":"bird","trophic":"apex-predator","rarity":"rare","diet":"mostly fish, plus ducks, muskrats and carrion — and anything it can bully out of another hunter's grip","shelter":"A huge stick nest in the crown of the tallest living tree beside open water, added to every year","preferredHabitat":"Wide open water full of fish, with one very tall tree to watch it all from","fact":"A bald eagle would honestly rather rob than fish. It shadows otters and herons and harasses them until they drop their catch, then takes it — and the nest it rebuilds every year can end up heavier than a small car.","role":"The top predator of the marsh and its biggest bully. It takes fish, ducks and muskrats for itself, kills herons at their nesting colonies, and spends much of the day stealing meals from otters and herons — which means it can only settle somewhere those hunters are already doing well.","eats":["minnow","muskrat","mallard","merganser","great-blue-heron"],"eatsOther":["carrion","fish stolen from otters and herons"],"eatenBy":[],"requirements":{"minHealth":82,"objects":{"eagle-nest-crown":1,"beaver-pond":2,"marsh-log":1,"mud-bank":1},"signature":"eagle-nest-crown","water":{"tiles":8},"animals":["minnow","great-blue-heron"],"hint":"One huge old tree with a clear view over deep water, enough fish to live on — and successful otters and herons below to steal from."},"sources":[{"name":"Cornell Lab All About Birds — Bald Eagle life history","url":"https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Bald_Eagle/lifehistory"},{"name":"Animal Diversity Web — Haliaeetus leucocephalus","url":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Haliaeetus_leucocephalus/"}],"biome":"wetland"},{"id":"luna-moth","name":"Luna Moth","biome":"forest","kind":"insect","rarity":"uncommon","trophic":"herbivore","diet":"hickory, walnut, sweetgum and birch leaves as a caterpillar; the adult eats nothing at all","shelter":"A papery cocoon spun inside a curled leaf that falls to the ground, where it lies buried in the litter all winter","preferredHabitat":"Mature deciduous woodland with deep undisturbed leaf litter under the host trees","fact":"An adult luna moth has no mouth. It hatches out with about a week to live, never eats once, and spends the whole of it looking for a mate.","role":"Luna moth caterpillars are leaf-eaters that turn tree leaves into fat, high-energy insect bodies, and everything from bats to jays cashes that in. The long twisted tails on the hindwings are an anti-bat device: they spin as the moth flies and throw a bat's echolocation off target, so the bat grabs a tail streamer instead of the body. Because the cocoon overwinters in fallen leaves, a forest that gets raked loses its luna moths even if every host tree is still standing.","eats":[],"eatsOther":["hickory leaves","walnut leaves","sweetgum leaves","birch leaves"],"eatenBy":[{"id":"skunk","stage":"adult"},"blue-jay","skunk"],"requirements":{"minHealth":24,"objects":{"cocoon-leaf-drift":1,"leaf-litter-pile":2,"nesting-tree":1},"signature":"cocoon-leaf-drift","hint":"Plant the leafy trees, then let the leaves lie where they fall. The cocoons spend the whole winter down in that litter."},"scientificName":"Actias luna","sources":[{"name":"Animal Diversity Web — Actias luna","url":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Actias_luna/"},{"name":"Butterflies and Moths of North America — Actias luna","url":"https://www.butterfliesandmoths.org/species/Actias-luna"}]},{"id":"blue-jay","name":"Blue Jay","biome":"forest","kind":"bird","rarity":"common","trophic":"herbivore","diet":"acorns and beechnuts, caterpillars, beetles and other insects, and eggs or nestlings when it finds them","shelter":"A cup of twigs and rootlets wedged in a fork high in a leafy tree, screened by foliage","preferredHabitat":"Oak-rich woodland and its edges, with open ground nearby for caching","fact":"Blue jay feathers are not actually blue — the pigment in them is brown, and the blue is a trick of light bouncing off tiny air pockets. Crush one and the colour disappears.","role":"A single blue jay can carry five acorns at a time and bury a few thousand in an autumn, and it chooses sound ones and pushes them into open ground — which makes jays the fastest tree planters in the forest and the reason oaks spread uphill after a fire. Jays also mimic hawk calls, sometimes to clear a feeding spot and sometimes to warn everything nearby that a real hawk has arrived, so the whole wood listens to them.","eats":["luna-moth"],"eatsOther":["acorns","beechnuts","caterpillars","insects","other birds' eggs"],"eatenBy":["goshawk"],"requirements":{"minHealth":28,"objects":{"acorn-cache-scatter":1,"nesting-tree":1},"signature":"acorn-cache-scatter","animals":["luna-moth"],"hint":"Oaks and a patch of soft open ground to bury the acorns in. Some of the ones it forgets will be your next oak trees."},"scientificName":"Cyanocitta cristata","sources":[{"name":"All About Birds — Blue Jay","url":"https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Blue_Jay/"},{"name":"Animal Diversity Web — Cyanocitta cristata","url":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Cyanocitta_cristata/"}]},{"id":"wood-frog","name":"Wood Frog","biome":"forest","kind":"amphibian","rarity":"common","trophic":"insectivore","diet":"beetles, spiders, slugs, flies and other small forest-floor invertebrates","shelter":"Shallow leaf litter and loose duff on the forest floor — it does not burrow below the frost line","preferredHabitat":"Damp deciduous forest with fishless woodland pools that fill in spring and dry out by late summer","fact":"A wood frog freezes solid every winter. Its heart stops, two thirds of the water in its body turns to ice, and in spring it thaws out and hops away.","role":"Wood frogs are the first amphibian to call in spring, breeding in temporary pools that dry up before fish can ever live in them — which is exactly why the tadpoles survive. Sugar flooding the blood keeps their cells from bursting while they are frozen, so they can hibernate under a few centimetres of leaves. As adults they eat their way through the invertebrates of the leaf litter and are eaten in turn by snakes and raccoons, moving forest-floor energy up the food chain.","eats":["banana-slug"],"eatsOther":["beetles","spiders","flies","ants"],"eatenBy":["ratsnake","raccoon"],"requirements":{"minHealth":38,"objects":{"winter-freeze-litter-bed":1,"log-shelter":1},"signature":"winter-freeze-litter-bed","animals":["banana-slug"],"water":{"tiles":3},"hint":"A pool that dries up in summer is the good kind — no fish means the tadpoles live. Keep deep leaves nearby for them to freeze in."},"scientificName":"Lithobates sylvaticus","sources":[{"name":"Animal Diversity Web — Lithobates sylvaticus","url":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Lithobates_sylvaticus/"},{"name":"National Park Service — Wood Frog","url":"https://www.nps.gov/articles/wood-frogs.htm"}]},{"id":"goshawk","name":"Goshawk","biome":"forest","kind":"bird","rarity":"rare","trophic":"apex-predator","diet":"squirrels, jays, grouse, rabbits and woodpeckers, chased down inside the trees","shelter":"A broad stick nest built against the trunk on a heavy limb, halfway up a big old tree in closed canopy","preferredHabitat":"Mature forest with a high closed canopy and open flying room underneath it","fact":"A goshawk hunts by crashing straight through the branches at full speed with its wings half folded, and it will dive at anything — including people — that walks too near its nest.","role":"The goshawk is the forest's top daytime hunter and the reason squirrels freeze against tree trunks. Short broad wings and a long steering tail let it turn inside a wood at speed, so unlike a soaring hawk it hunts under the canopy rather than above it. It needs old forest with big limbs to nest on and clear space beneath to fly, which makes its arrival a sign that the trees have finally grown up.","eats":["tree-squirrel","blue-jay","chipmunk","wood-duck"],"eatsOther":["grouse","rabbits","woodpeckers"],"eatenBy":[],"requirements":{"minHealth":78,"objects":{"canopy-nest-limb":1,"nesting-tree":3,"oak-tree":2},"signature":"canopy-nest-limb","animals":["tree-squirrel","blue-jay"],"hint":"Grow the forest tall and leave the understory open. It needs a big limb to nest on and room to fly hard between the trunks."},"scientificName":"Astur atricapillus","sources":[{"name":"All About Birds — American Goshawk","url":"https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/American_Goshawk/"},{"name":"Animal Diversity Web — Accipiter gentilis","url":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Accipiter_gentilis/"}]},{"id":"moose","name":"Moose","biome":"wetland","kind":"mammal","rarity":"rare","trophic":"herbivore","diet":"submerged pondweed and water lilies in summer, willow and aspen twigs in winter","shelter":"Beds pressed into willow thickets and shaded marsh edge; in summer it stands chest-deep in water to escape flies","preferredHabitat":"Marsh and pond edge with deep willow thickets and clear shallow water full of submerged plants","fact":"A moose can hold its breath for a minute and walk along the bottom of a pond with its whole head underwater, pulling up plants by the roots.","role":"Moose come to the wetland for sodium, which the submerged plants have and the forest browse does not, and a big one can pull 20 kilograms of pondweed a day out of the shallows. That heavy grazing keeps open lanes through the plant beds where ducks feed and fish shelter, and the willow they browse in winter grows back thicker and lower — which is better cover for everything small. Their trails through the marsh become channels that hold water in dry summers.","eats":[],"eatsOther":["pondweed","water lily roots","willow shoots","aspen twigs"],"eatenBy":[],"requirements":{"minHealth":68,"objects":{"wild-celery-bed":2,"shallow-water-pool":1,"browsed-pond-shallows":1},"signature":"browsed-pond-shallows","water":{"tiles":6},"hint":"Grow the underwater plant beds first and keep the water clear. It comes for what is growing under the surface, not on the bank."},"scientificName":"Alces alces","sources":[{"name":"Animal Diversity Web — Alces alces","url":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Alces_alces/"},{"name":"National Park Service, Isle Royale — Moose","url":"https://www.nps.gov/isro/learn/nature/moose.htm"}]},{"id":"river-cooter","name":"River Cooter","biome":"wetland","kind":"reptile","rarity":"uncommon","trophic":"herbivore","diet":"pondweed, algae, water lily leaves and fallen fruit; hatchlings take insects before switching to plants","shelter":"Sleeps wedged under submerged logs and root tangles; spends the winter buried in the mud of the pond bottom","preferredHabitat":"Slow, plant-filled water with logs to bask on and an open sunlit bank to lay eggs in","fact":"Whether a cooter's eggs hatch into males or females depends on how warm the nest is, not on the eggs themselves — a cool nest makes brothers, a warm one makes sisters.","role":"The cooter is the wetland's big plant-eating turtle, cropping the underwater meadows and keeping them from choking the shallows, and passing seeds out intact somewhere else. It has to bask for hours to get warm enough to digest all that plant food, which is why a good log stacked with turtles is a sign of a working marsh. Its eggs and hatchlings feed almost everything else, so it lays a lot of them.","eats":[],"eatsOther":["pondweed","algae","water lily leaves","fallen fruit"],"eatenBy":[{"id":"snapping-turtle","stage":"young"},{"id":"river-otter","stage":"young"}],"requirements":{"minHealth":50,"objects":{"sunlit-mudflat":1,"marsh-log":2,"reed-bed":2},"signature":"sunlit-mudflat","water":{"tiles":5},"hint":"Logs in the sun to bask on and a bare warm bank to bury eggs in. One that cannot get warm cannot digest its dinner."},"scientificName":"Pseudemys concinna","sources":[{"name":"Animal Diversity Web — Pseudemys concinna","url":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Pseudemys_concinna/"},{"name":"SREL Herpetology — River Cooter","url":"https://srelherp.uga.edu/turtles/psecon.htm"}],"aquatic":true},{"id":"javelina","name":"Javelina","biome":"desert","kind":"mammal","rarity":"uncommon","trophic":"herbivore","diet":"prickly pear pads, mesquite pods, agave hearts, roots and tubers","shelter":"Beds down as a herd in the shade of dense thornscrub or a rock overhang through the heat of the day","preferredHabitat":"Desert scrub and washes with thick thorny cover and stands of prickly pear","fact":"A javelina eats prickly pear whole — spines and all — and has a scent gland on its back so strong that a herd can find each other in the dark by smell alone.","role":"Javelinas are the desert's cactus processors: they crunch through pads that nothing else will touch, which keeps prickly pear from taking over a wash and spreads its seeds in their droppings. Rooting for tubers turns over hard-crusted soil and buries litter, giving seeds somewhere to germinate after rain. They travel in herds of six to a dozen, and the herd smell is also the alarm system, because their eyesight is terrible.","eats":[],"eatsOther":["prickly pear pads","mesquite pods","agave hearts","roots and tubers"],"eatenBy":[{"id":"mountain-lion","stage":"young"}],"requirements":{"minHealth":52,"objects":{"thicket-bed-hollow":1,"mesquite-tree":2},"signature":"thicket-bed-hollow","hint":"Grow the prickly pear and leave a shaded thorny tangle to bed down in. A herd sleeps out the middle of the day and feeds at dusk."},"scientificName":"Pecari tajacu","sources":[{"name":"Animal Diversity Web — Pecari tajacu","url":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Pecari_tajacu/"},{"name":"National Park Service, Saguaro — Javelina","url":"https://www.nps.gov/sagu/learn/nature/javelina.htm"}]},{"id":"black-swift","name":"Black Swift","biome":"alpine","kind":"bird","rarity":"rare","trophic":"insectivore","diet":"flying ants, aphids, beetles and mayflies caught on the wing, often hundreds of metres up","shelter":"A cup of moss glued to a wet rock seam behind or beside falling water, reached only from the air","preferredHabitat":"Cliffs with cold running water and wide open sky above the treeline","fact":"A black swift can stay in the air for six months without landing once — it eats, drinks and sleeps flying, and the chick is left alone all day while its parents hunt insects 50 km away.","role":"Swifts hoover up the swarming insects that get lifted onto the mountain by rising air, and they carry that food back as a compressed pellet — one delivery a day is enough for a chick because the load is so concentrated. The nest has to be permanently wet and unreachable, so the birds only appear where there is a cliff seam with water running over it. They are among the very last summer visitors to arrive and the first to leave for the Amazon.","eats":["alpine-moth"],"eatsOther":["flying ants","aphids carried up on the wind","beetles","mayflies"],"eatenBy":["peregrine-falcon"],"requirements":{"minHealth":62,"objects":{"crystal-spring":1,"snowmelt-pool":2,"waterfall-splash-ledge":1},"signature":"waterfall-splash-ledge","animals":["alpine-moth"],"water":{"tiles":2},"hint":"Find the wettest, darkest crack in the cliff and keep the water running down it. This one will not nest anywhere it can walk to."},"scientificName":"Cypseloides niger","sources":[{"name":"All About Birds — Black Swift","url":"https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Black_Swift/"},{"name":"Animal Diversity Web — Cypseloides niger","url":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Cypseloides_niger/"}]},{"id":"peregrine-falcon","name":"Peregrine Falcon","biome":"alpine","kind":"bird","rarity":"rare","trophic":"mesopredator","diet":"other birds taken in mid-air — white-tailed ptarmigan, rosy-finches, swifts, pipits and small ducks","shelter":"A bare scrape kicked into gravel on a high cliff ledge; it builds no nest at all","preferredHabitat":"Sheer cliffs and rock faces overlooking open ground with plenty of birds flying below","fact":"A stooping peregrine hits about 380 km/h, which makes it the fastest animal alive — and it has bony cones in its nostrils that slow the air down so the dive does not burst its lungs.","role":"The peregrine is the mountain's aerial hunter, and it takes almost all of its food in the air, striking from above with a closed fist rather than grabbing. Because it hunts birds and nothing else, it is a direct check on the flocks of finches, pipits and white-tailed ptarmigan feeding across the slopes. It needs an undisturbed cliff ledge and clear air below it, and nothing at all to build with — just loose gravel to scrape a hollow in.","eats":["white-tailed-ptarmigan","gray-crowned-rosy-finch","black-swift","snow-bunting"],"eatsOther":["pipits","swallows","small ducks"],"eatenBy":[{"id":"golden-eagle","stage":"young"}],"requirements":{"minHealth":70,"objects":{"falcon-scrape-ledge":1,"talus-pile":2,"scree-slope":1,"alpine-turf-mat":1},"signature":"falcon-scrape-ledge","animals":["white-tailed-ptarmigan","gray-crowned-rosy-finch"],"hint":"A high ledge with loose gravel on it and open sky underneath. Do not build a nest — this one just kicks a dip in the grit."},"scientificName":"Falco peregrinus","sources":[{"name":"All About Birds — Peregrine Falcon","url":"https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Peregrine_Falcon/"},{"name":"Animal Diversity Web — Falco peregrinus","url":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Falco_peregrinus/"}]},{"id":"sand-dollar","name":"Sand Dollar","biome":"coastal","kind":"invertebrate","rarity":"common","trophic":"herbivore","diet":"algae, plankton and scraps of food picked out of the sand grain by grain","shelter":"Half buried on edge in rippled sand, in beds of hundreds at a time","preferredHabitat":"Sheltered sandy bottoms just below the low tide line, where the current is gentle","fact":"A living sand dollar is not white and smooth — it is purple and covered in tiny moving spines it uses to walk and to pass food along to its mouth. The white disc with the flower pattern is its skeleton, after everything else has washed away.","role":"A whole bed of them stands half-buried on edge like coins in a slot, all leaning into the current to catch what drifts past. Where the water is rougher they lie flat instead so they do not get rolled away.","eats":[],"eatsOther":["algae","plankton","tiny drifting scraps"],"eatenBy":["sea-star","brown-pelican"],"requirements":{"minHealth":26,"objects":{"rippled-sand-bed":1,"tidepool":1},"signature":"rippled-sand-bed","water":{"ocean":3},"hint":"Clean rippled sand just below the tide line, somewhere sheltered enough that the current is gentle."},"scientificName":"Dendraster excentricus","sources":[{"name":"Monterey Bay Aquarium — Sand dollar","url":"https://www.montereybayaquarium.org/animals/animals-a-to-z/sand-dollar"}],"ocean":true},{"id":"octopus","name":"Octopus","biome":"coastal","kind":"invertebrate","rarity":"rare","trophic":"apex-predator","diet":"shore crabs, clams, mussels, snails and shrimp, cracked open or drilled through","shelter":"A crevice or empty shell it pulls a rock across behind itself, with a heap of emptied shells outside the door","preferredHabitat":"Rocky subtidal seafloor and deep tidepools with plenty of crevices and cold, clean water","fact":"An octopus has three hearts, blue blood, and tastes everything it touches with its arms — and because the only hard part of it is its beak, one the size of a dinner plate can squeeze through a hole the size of a grape.","role":"The octopus is the top invertebrate hunter of the rocky shore, and the pile of emptied crab and clam shells outside its den is the easiest way to find one. It can change colour and skin texture in under a second to vanish against rock or kelp, despite being colourblind, and it will drill a neat hole through a stubborn clam and inject it to make the shell relax. Each octopus works through a huge number of crabs, which keeps the grazers and scavengers of the tidepools in check.","eats":["shore-crab","mussel","purple-sea-urchin"],"eatsOther":["snails","shrimp","small fish"],"eatenBy":["harbor-seal"],"requirements":{"minHealth":72,"objects":{"octopus-den-midden":1,"kelp-holdfast-reef":2,"kelp-forest":1},"signature":"octopus-den-midden","water":{"ocean":6,"deep":true},"animals":["shore-crab"],"hint":"Broken rock with gaps to hide in, and plenty of crabs. Leave the shell pile outside the den alone — that is how you know somebody is home."},"scientificName":"Octopus rubescens","sources":[{"name":"Monterey Bay Aquarium — East Pacific red octopus","url":"https://www.montereybayaquarium.org/animals/animals-a-to-z/east-pacific-red-octopus"},{"name":"Animal Diversity Web — Octopus rubescens","url":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Octopus_rubescens/"}],"ocean":true},{"id":"grizzly-bear","name":"Grizzly Bear","biome":"alpine","kind":"mammal","rarity":"rare","trophic":"apex-predator","diet":"roots and berries dug out of the slope, ground squirrels and marmots, winter-killed carcasses — and moths, by the hundred thousand","shelter":"Digs a den into a high slope in autumn and sleeps in it until the snow softens","preferredHabitat":"Open high country with digging ground, berry slopes and no people","fact":"Grizzlies climb above the trees in late summer to eat moths — flipping rocks to get at them and putting away up to 40,000 in a day, which is most of a year's fat in a few weeks.","role":"The biggest thing on the mountain and the reason everything else stays alert. It digs whole slopes apart for roots and ground squirrels, which turns the soil over, and in late summer it climbs above the trees to eat moths off the rockslides. It will drive a wolverine off a carcass without breaking stride.","eats":["alpine-moth","rock-squirrel","yellow-bellied-marmot","snowshoe-hare","pika",{"id":"bighorn-sheep","stage":"young"},{"id":"mountain-goat","stage":"young"}],"eatsOther":["roots","berries","carrion","pine seeds"],"eatenBy":[],"requirements":{"minHealth":85,"objects":{"grizzly-dig-slope":1,"talus-pile":1,"alpine-turf-mat":1},"signature":"grizzly-dig-slope","animals":["yellow-bellied-marmot","alpine-moth"],"hint":"A high open slope soft enough to dig, rocks to flip for moths, and a mountain already full enough to feed something this big."},"scientificName":"Ursus arctos horribilis","sources":[{"name":"National Park Service — Grizzly Bear","url":"https://www.nps.gov/subjects/bears/grizzly-bears.htm"}]},{"id":"grasshopper-mouse","name":"Grasshopper Mouse","biome":"desert","kind":"mammal","rarity":"uncommon","trophic":"mesopredator","diet":"scorpions, centipedes, beetles and other mice","shelter":"Takes over a burrow another animal dug, then defends it","preferredHabitat":"Open sandy flats with scattered brush and plenty of prey underfoot","fact":"This mouse hunts scorpions, gets stung in the face, and carries on eating — its body turns the venom's pain signal off. Then it stands up on its hind legs and howls at the moon like a tiny wolf.","role":"A mouse that decided to be a predator. It keeps scorpions and big insects in check, and it is one of the only animals that can eat the desert's most venomous residents without flinching.","eats":["scorpion","desert-termite"],"eatsOther":["centipedes","beetles","seeds"],"eatenBy":["rattlesnake","desert-hawk"],"requirements":{"minHealth":42,"objects":{"borrowed-burrow-mouth":1,"bare-ground-patch":1},"signature":"borrowed-burrow-mouth","animals":["scorpion"],"hint":"An old burrow it can take over and open ground to hunt across. It gets all its water from what it catches."},"scientificName":"Onychomys torridus","sources":[{"name":"Animal Diversity Web — Onychomys torridus","url":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Onychomys_torridus/"}]},{"id":"snow-bunting","name":"Snow Bunting","biome":"alpine","kind":"bird","rarity":"uncommon","trophic":"herbivore","diet":"seeds blown onto the snow, plus insects in the short summer","shelter":"Deep in a rock crevice, lined with feathers and fur against the cold","preferredHabitat":"Windswept ridges and fellfield where the snow blows clear","fact":"Snow buntings nest further north than any other songbird on Earth, tucked so deep in rock cracks that the male has to feed the female in the dark while she sits.","role":"A small bird that treats a blizzard as ordinary weather. Flocks drift across bare ridges picking up seed the wind has stranded on the snow, and they turn from white to warm brown as the season turns.","eats":["snow-flea"],"eatsOther":["seeds","insects"],"eatenBy":["peregrine-falcon","ermine"],"requirements":{"minHealth":30,"objects":{"feather-lined-crack":1,"scree-slope":1},"signature":"feather-lined-crack","animals":["snow-flea"],"hint":"A deep, dry crack in the rock out of the wind, and open stony ground nearby where the snow blows clear."},"scientificName":"Plectrophenax nivalis","sources":[{"name":"All About Birds — Snow Bunting","url":"https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Snow_Bunting/lifehistory"}]},{"id":"groundhog","name":"Groundhog","biome":"meadow","kind":"mammal","rarity":"common","trophic":"herbivore","diet":"grass, clover, dandelions and just about any tender green thing it can reach","shelter":"A burrow with several entrances, a grass-lined sleeping chamber and a separate toilet room","preferredHabitat":"Meadow edges with deep, well-drained soil it can tunnel through","fact":"A groundhog digs a burrow with a front door, a back door, a bedroom and a separate room for going to the toilet — and moves about a tonne of soil doing it. In winter its heart slows to about five beats a minute.","role":"The meadow's earthmover. Its abandoned burrows become homes for foxes, snakes, rabbits and half the small animals here, so one groundhog's digging outlives the groundhog by years.","eats":[],"eatsOther":["grasses","clover","dandelions","bark"],"eatenBy":["coyote","red-fox"],"requirements":{"minHealth":38,"objects":{"groundhog-burrow-mound":1,"native-grass-patch":1,"brush-pile":1},"signature":"groundhog-burrow-mound","hint":"Deep, well-drained soil at the edge of the grass, with a bolt-hole close by. It wants somewhere to dig more than somewhere to hide."},"scientificName":"Marmota monax","sources":[{"name":"Animal Diversity Web — Marmota monax","url":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Marmota_monax/"}]},{"id":"opossum","name":"Opossum","biome":"meadow","kind":"mammal","rarity":"common","trophic":"omnivore","diet":"almost anything — insects, fruit, eggs, carrion, and an enormous number of ticks","shelter":"Sleeps the day out in a hollow log or a borrowed burrow, and rarely uses the same one twice","preferredHabitat":"Brushy edges with hollow wood, water nearby and plenty to scavenge","fact":"When an opossum plays dead it is not acting — it faints. The body goes stiff, the tongue lolls out and it gives off a smell like something long dead, and it cannot snap out of it for several minutes even if you walk away.","role":"The meadow's clean-up crew. It eats what everything else has left, including carrion and vast quantities of ticks, and it is the only animal here that carries its young around on its back.","eats":["snail","grasshopper"],"eatsOther":["fruit","eggs","carrion","ticks","insects"],"eatenBy":["barn-owl","coyote"],"requirements":{"minHealth":44,"objects":{"opossum-den-hollow":1,"hollow-log":1},"signature":"opossum-den-hollow","animals":["grasshopper","snail"],"hint":"Hollow wood to sleep the day away in and berries within a night's walk. It moves house constantly, so give it more than one option."},"scientificName":"Didelphis virginiana","sources":[{"name":"Animal Diversity Web — Didelphis virginiana","url":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Didelphis_virginiana/"}]},{"id":"song-sparrow","name":"Song Sparrow","biome":"meadow","kind":"bird","rarity":"common","featured":true,"trophic":"omnivore","diet":"insects and spiders in summer; seeds, berries and grass heads the rest of the year","shelter":"A cup of grass tucked low in a shrub or a thick tussock, close to damp ground","preferredHabitat":"Brushy, slightly damp edges — the messy strip between open grass and thicker cover","fact":"Every song sparrow makes up its own tunes. A young male listens to the neighbours, then invents his own set of eight or ten and sings them for life, so you can learn to tell individual birds apart by ear.","role":"One of the first birds to find a mending meadow and one of the last to leave it. It works the scruffy middle ground, eating insects all summer and switching to seeds in winter.","eats":["grasshopper","ladybug"],"eatsOther":["seeds","berries","spiders","caterpillars"],"eatenBy":["red-fox","garter-snake","red-tailed-hawk"],"requirements":{"minHealth":16,"objects":{"hidden-grass-nest":1,"berry-bush":1},"signature":"hidden-grass-nest","animals":["grasshopper"],"hint":"A damp, messy corner with a thick tussock to hide a nest in and berries close by. 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Slow at first, and then for decades the most productive single tree you can put in the ground — nothing else in North America supports as much.","matureHours":8,"matureBonus":2,"yield":{"resourceId":"acorns","qty":2,"regrowSeconds":90},"rotatable":false},{"id":"pine-tree","name":"Pine Tree","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["meadow","forest","alpine"],"healthValue":8,"needs":["shelter","plant"],"shape":"pine","color":"#3a5a44","plantable":true,"plantCost":{"pinecones":2},"growSeconds":90,"description":"A young pine grown from a cone — evergreen shelter in any season.","matureHours":8,"matureBonus":2,"yield":{"resourceId":"pinecones","qty":2,"regrowSeconds":90},"rotatable":false},{"id":"butterfly-flowers","name":"Butterfly Flowers","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["meadow"],"healthValue":4,"needs":["food","plant"],"shape":"butterflyflowers","color":"#e8813a","description":"A mixed bed of native nectar flowers — blazing star, aster and bee balm — chosen so something is open from midsummer right through autumn. 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But a meadow is a grassland, and letting shrubs spread across it turns it into something else entirely.","matureHours":4,"matureBonus":1,"rotatable":false},{"id":"berry-bush","name":"Berry Bush","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["meadow","forest"],"healthValue":6,"needs":["food","plant"],"shape":"berrybush","color":"#5d3a5f","plantable":true,"plantCost":{"seeds":2,"berries":2},"growSeconds":70,"description":"A native thimbleberry and wild rose thicket — prickly, as most native brambles are, and heavy with fruit by late summer. Sow it in a watered bed from seeds and a few berries.","matureHours":4,"matureBonus":1,"yield":{"resourceId":"berries","qty":2,"regrowSeconds":60},"rotatable":false},{"id":"small-pond","name":"Small Pond","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["meadow","forest"],"healthValue":7,"needs":["water"],"shape":"pond","color":"#5d96c8","description":"A clay-lined pond. 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Shallow and warm rather than deep — no substitute for real depth.","rotatable":false},{"id":"log-shelter","name":"Log Shelter","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["meadow","forest"],"healthValue":6,"needs":["shelter"],"shape":"logpile","color":"#7a5a3a","description":"Fallen logs stacked into a loose pile, with gaps running right through the middle. Damp underneath, and slowly going soft.","rotatable":false},{"id":"hollow-log","name":"Hollow Log","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["meadow","forest"],"healthValue":6,"needs":["shelter"],"shape":"log","color":"#6a4a30","description":"A fallen log carefully opened out down the middle into a dry, close chamber with an entrance at one end.","rotatable":false},{"id":"rock-pile","name":"Rock Pile","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["meadow","forest","desert","alpine"],"healthValue":4,"needs":["shelter"],"shape":"rocks","color":"#8e8e8a","description":"Flat stones piled loosely so the sun bakes the top while the gaps underneath stay cool and damp.","rotatable":false},{"id":"fallen-branch-shelter","name":"Fallen Branch Shelter","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["meadow","forest"],"healthValue":4,"needs":["shelter"],"shape":"branchpile","color":"#94703f","description":"A loose pile of branches thrown together rather than stacked, twigs and all. Humble, and riddled with gaps to disappear into.","rotatable":false},{"id":"bird-perch","name":"Bird Perch","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["meadow","forest"],"healthValue":3,"needs":["shelter","open"],"shape":"perch","color":"#9a7448","description":"A tall bare snag with a clear view in every direction and open sky above it.","rotatable":false},{"id":"simple-path","name":"Stepping-Stone Path","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["meadow","forest","wetland","desert","alpine","coastal"],"healthValue":1,"needs":["open"],"shape":"path","color":"#c9b98a","description":"Flat stepping stones that keep your boots off the new growth.","rotatable":true},{"id":"gravel-path","name":"Gravel Path","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["meadow","forest","wetland","desert","alpine","coastal"],"healthValue":1,"needs":["open"],"shape":"gravel","color":"#a8a8a0","description":"Crunchy gravel underfoot — keeps boots off the new growth.","rotatable":true},{"id":"plank-path","name":"Plank Path","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["meadow","forest","wetland","desert","alpine","coastal"],"healthValue":1,"needs":["open"],"shape":"planks","color":"#a3814f","description":"Weathered boardwalk planks, kind to soft ground.","rotatable":true},{"id":"flagstone-path","name":"Flagstone Path","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["meadow","forest","wetland","desert","alpine","coastal"],"healthValue":1,"needs":["open"],"shape":"flagstone","color":"#9a948a","description":"Broad flat stones set into the earth.","rotatable":true},{"id":"mossy-path","name":"Mossy Path","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["meadow","forest","wetland","desert","alpine","coastal"],"healthValue":1,"needs":["open"],"shape":"mossy","color":"#7fa05a","description":"Old stones wearing soft green moss — they keep boots off the wet ground without compacting it.","rotatable":true},{"id":"wooden-bridge","name":"Wooden Bridge","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["meadow","forest","wetland","desert","alpine","coastal"],"healthValue":1,"needs":["open"],"shape":"bridge","color":"#a3814f","bridge":true,"description":"A sturdy plank bridge — place it over a pond or wet swale so boots stay off the soft ground.","rotatable":true},{"id":"wooden-fence","name":"Wooden Fence","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["meadow","forest","wetland","desert","alpine","coastal"],"healthValue":1,"needs":["open"],"shape":"fence","color":"#a3814f","description":"A low rail fence that marks quiet zones for recovering ground.","rotatable":true},{"id":"nesting-tree","name":"Nesting Tree","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["forest"],"healthValue":8,"needs":["shelter","plant"],"shape":"tree","color":"#3f6e38","description":"A fast-growing native sapling. Give it a few seasons and it will be tall enough to hold weight in its crown.","matureHours":8,"matureBonus":2,"rotatable":false},{"id":"standing-deadwood","name":"Standing Deadwood","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["forest"],"healthValue":5,"needs":["shelter"],"shape":"deadwood","color":"#8d7a5e","description":"A dead snag left standing and safely anchored. The bigger around it is the better — a slim stub is easy to work, but only a full trunk can hold anything large.","rotatable":false},{"id":"mushroom-log","name":"Mushroom Log","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["forest"],"healthValue":5,"needs":["food","shelter"],"shape":"mushroomlog","color":"#7c6248","description":"A damp, mossy log seeded with fungi. The fungus is doing the real work — it digests the wood, which is what turns a dead log into food, soil and shelter for everything else.","rotatable":false},{"id":"reed-bed","name":"Reed Bed","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["wetland"],"healthValue":6,"needs":["plant","shelter","food"],"shape":"reed","color":"#7fa05a","description":"Dense replanted reeds standing in shallow water, thick enough to walk into and lose sight of the bank.","plantable":true,"plantCost":{"reeds":3},"growSeconds":45,"matureHours":4,"matureBonus":1,"yield":{"resourceId":"reeds","qty":2,"regrowSeconds":45},"rotatable":false},{"id":"mud-bank","name":"Mud Bank","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["wetland"],"healthValue":5,"needs":["shelter"],"shape":"mudbank","color":"#7a6a52","requiresTool":{"id":"shovel","tier":2},"description":"A shaped bank of bare, soft, damp earth sloping down into the water, open to the sun and easy to dig. Requires the restoration shovel.","rotatable":false},{"id":"nesting-platform","name":"Nesting Platform","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["wetland","coastal"],"healthValue":6,"needs":["shelter"],"shape":"platform","color":"#9a8a64","description":"A raised, quiet platform out in the open with a broad flat top and nothing overhanging it. It is not a substitute for a tree cavity, a bank tunnel or a colony rookery.","rotatable":false},{"id":"cattail-stand","name":"Cattail Stand","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["wetland"],"healthValue":6,"needs":["plant","shelter"],"shape":"cattail","color":"#7a4a22","description":"Tall cattails crowded along the water's edge — dense at the base, and shading the shallows behind them.","plantable":true,"plantCost":{"reeds":2},"growSeconds":45,"matureHours":4,"matureBonus":1,"yield":{"resourceId":"reeds","qty":1,"regrowSeconds":45},"rotatable":false},{"id":"marsh-log","name":"Marsh Log","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["wetland"],"healthValue":5,"needs":["shelter"],"shape":"marshlog","color":"#6e553c","description":"A half-sunken log, one end up in the sun and the other lost under water. Dark, close gaps run beneath it the whole way.","rotatable":false},{"id":"lily-pool","name":"Lily Pool","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["wetland"],"healthValue":5,"needs":["plant"],"shape":"lilypool","color":"#6fae86","description":"Still, clean water blanketed edge to edge with lily pads, with cool shaded water underneath them.","rotatable":false},{"id":"burrow-mound","name":"Burrow Mound","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["desert","alpine"],"healthValue":5,"needs":["shelter"],"shape":"mound","color":"#c2a070","requiresTool":{"id":"shovel","tier":2},"description":"A heaped mound of loose, well-drained earth with one bare face, soft enough to tunnel straight into. Requires the restoration shovel.","rotatable":false},{"id":"cactus-patch","name":"Cactus Patch","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["desert"],"healthValue":6,"needs":["food","plant"],"shape":"cactus","color":"#5e8a4a","description":"Transplanted native pad and barrel cactus. Fruit, moisture and a spiny fortress in one — though nothing this short can hold a cavity.","plantable":true,"plantCost":{"cactus-fruit":2},"growSeconds":70,"matureHours":4,"matureBonus":1,"yield":{"resourceId":"cactus-fruit","qty":2,"regrowSeconds":70},"rotatable":false},{"id":"desert-brush","name":"Desert Brush","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["desert"],"healthValue":5,"needs":["plant","shelter"],"shape":"brush","color":"#8a8a4e","description":"A mixed stand of bursage and brittlebush — the low scrub that fills the gaps between the bigger shrubs.","plantable":true,"plantCost":{"sand":2},"growSeconds":50,"matureHours":4,"matureBonus":1,"rotatable":false},{"id":"shaded-rock-shelter","name":"Shaded Rock Shelter","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["desert"],"healthValue":5,"needs":["shelter"],"shape":"shade","color":"#a08a72","description":"Stacked slabs with a cool dark gap — shelter from the midday sun.","rotatable":false},{"id":"alpine-wildflower-patch","name":"Alpine Wildflower Patch","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["alpine"],"healthValue":6,"needs":["food","plant"],"shape":"alpineflowers","color":"#9d86d9","description":"Tough little high-country forbs, low and tight to the ground, flowering all at once in the short summer. Nectar, seed and green leaf — forage, not shelter.","plantable":true,"plantCost":{"alpine-flowers":2},"growSeconds":45,"matureHours":2,"matureBonus":1,"yield":{"resourceId":"alpine-flowers","qty":2,"regrowSeconds":45},"rotatable":false},{"id":"snowmelt-pool","name":"Snowmelt Pool","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["alpine"],"healthValue":6,"needs":["water"],"shape":"snowmeltpool","color":"#8fd0e8","description":"A stone-lined pool that catches cold, clean snowmelt and holds it clear. Leave it unstocked — high alpine water was naturally barren, and what gets put into it does not come out again.","rotatable":false},{"id":"tidepool","name":"Tidepool","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["coastal"],"healthValue":7,"needs":["water","shelter"],"shape":"tidepool","color":"#5d96c8","description":"A restored rocky pool that keeps a pocket of the sea behind when the tide drops. Only ever a pocket — it warms, it goes salty, and it waits.","zone":"mid","waveExposure":"moderate","rotatable":false},{"id":"dune-grass","name":"Dune Grass","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["coastal"],"healthValue":5,"needs":["plant","open"],"shape":"dunegrass","color":"#bdb670","description":"Native American dunegrass (Leymus mollis), which holds blowing sand in open, patchy clumps rather than a dense wall.","plantable":true,"plantCost":{"sand":2},"growSeconds":45,"matureHours":4,"matureBonus":1,"zone":"backdune","waveExposure":"sheltered","rotatable":false},{"id":"driftwood-shelter","name":"Driftwood Shelter","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["coastal"],"healthValue":5,"needs":["shelter"],"shape":"driftwood","color":"#b0a088","description":"Weathered driftwood stacked into beach shelter.","rotatable":false},{"id":"kelp-wrack","name":"Kelp Wrack","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["coastal"],"healthValue":5,"needs":["food"],"shape":"kelp","color":"#6a7a3a","description":"A protected line of washed-up kelp left lying where the tide dropped it, going soft and dark underneath. Groom it away and the beach loses the only real food it gets.","matureHours":4,"matureBonus":1,"zone":"high","waveExposure":"moderate","rotatable":false},{"id":"coastal-nesting-area","name":"Coastal Nesting Area","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["coastal"],"healthValue":7,"needs":["shelter","open"],"shape":"beachclosure","color":"#d8c8a0","description":"A general roped-off stretch of quiet upper beach, marked with posts and line. It protects the ground broadly — the narrower closures are far more particular about what they cover.","rotatable":false},{"id":"coral-garden","name":"Coral Garden","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["coastal"],"healthValue":8,"needs":["food","shelter"],"shape":"coralgarden","color":"#e58b6f","description":"DEPRECATED — do not offer in this biome. There are no shallow reef-building corals in the temperate northeast Pacific; reef corals need water around 23-25 C and this coast runs 11-21 C. Replaced by the Kelp Forest object.","rotatable":false},{"id":"sea-glass-lantern","name":"Sea Glass Lantern","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["coastal"],"healthValue":1,"needs":[],"shape":"seaglasslantern","color":"#8fc6c2","description":"Beach-found glass set into a driftwood frame — it throws soft sea-green light at dusk.","rotatable":false},{"id":"tide-chime","name":"Tide Chime","placement":"both","biomes":["coastal"],"healthValue":0,"needs":[],"shape":"tidechime","color":"#9bbcc8","description":"Shells and sea glass strung on driftwood that ring softly in the onshore breeze.","rotatable":false},{"id":"pearl-display","name":"Pearl Display","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["coastal"],"healthValue":1,"needs":[],"shape":"pearldisplay","color":"#f2ece0","description":"A polished shell cradle for beachcombed treasures. Note: there is no natural pearl fishery on this coast, and taking live shellfish for pearls is not restoration — display only what the tide gave up.","rotatable":false},{"id":"sea-glass-path","name":"Sea Glass Path","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["coastal"],"healthValue":1,"needs":["open"],"shape":"seaglasspath","color":"#8fc6c2","description":"Tumbled sea glass pressed into the sand — a glittering walkway that keeps boots off the dunes.","rotatable":true},{"id":"small-chest","name":"Small Chest","placement":"both","biomes":["meadow","forest","wetland","desert","alpine","coastal"],"healthValue":0,"needs":[],"shape":"chest","color":"#8a6a44","isChest":true,"chestCapacity":120,"description":"A woven-and-wood chest. Holds 120 materials. Anything stored here feeds crafting from anywhere.","rotatable":false},{"id":"medium-chest","name":"Medium Chest","placement":"both","biomes":["meadow","forest","wetland","desert","alpine","coastal"],"healthValue":0,"needs":[],"shape":"mediumchest","color":"#6e553c","isChest":true,"chestCapacity":250,"description":"A sturdier chest. Holds 250 materials.","rotatable":false},{"id":"field-journal-stand","name":"Field Journal Stand","placement":"both","biomes":["meadow","forest","wetland","desert","alpine","coastal"],"healthValue":1,"needs":[],"shape":"stand","color":"#9a7448","description":"A little lectern for your field journal — read it anywhere you place one.","rotatable":false},{"id":"flower-vase","name":"Potted Flowers","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["meadow","forest","wetland","desert","alpine","coastal"],"healthValue":0,"needs":[],"shape":"vase","color":"#7a9ac0","description":"A clay pot of meadow flowers to brighten your camp.","rotatable":false},{"id":"wetland-restoration-kit","name":"Wetland Restoration Kit","placement":"none","biomes":[],"healthValue":0,"needs":[],"shape":"kit","color":"#6fa8d6","description":"Liners, filters, and channel tools — everything needed to re-water the wetland. Crafting it helps unlock Rushwater Wetland.","rotatable":false},{"id":"migration-path-marker","name":"Migration Path Marker","placement":"none","biomes":[],"healthValue":0,"needs":[],"shape":"kitmarker","color":"#9d86d9","description":"Cairns and markers that restore a safe migration path through the heights. Crafting it helps unlock Pelican Shore.","rotatable":false},{"id":"forest-restoration-kit","name":"Forest Restoration Kit","placement":"none","biomes":[],"healthValue":0,"needs":[],"shape":"kitforest","color":"#8fbf6f","description":"Seed mixes, fiber twine, and trail tools to open the overgrown forest path. Crafting it helps unlock Old Hollow Forest.","rotatable":false},{"id":"scrubland-restoration-kit","name":"Scrubland Restoration Kit","placement":"none","biomes":[],"healthValue":0,"needs":[],"shape":"kitscrub","color":"#6aa884","description":"Sediment sleds and hardy cuttings to carry restoration into the dry scrubland. Crafting it helps unlock Redstone Scrubland.","rotatable":false},{"id":"alpine-restoration-kit","name":"Alpine Restoration Kit","placement":"none","biomes":[],"healthValue":0,"needs":[],"shape":"kitalpine","color":"#d6a96a","description":"Shade cloth, water caches, and climbing gear for the high country. 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Pretty, but it is a garden feature rather than habitat, and nothing here depends on one.","rotatable":true},{"id":"bird-bath","name":"Bird Bath","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["meadow","forest","alpine","desert"],"healthValue":2,"needs":["water"],"shape":"birdbath","color":"#7fb4d8","description":"A shallow stone basin on a pedestal, no deeper than a thumb, with a rough bottom for footing and fresh water in it.","rotatable":false},{"id":"trail-signpost","name":"Trail Signpost","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["meadow","forest","wetland","desert","alpine","coastal"],"healthValue":0,"needs":[],"shape":"signpost","color":"#a3814f","description":"A hand-painted signpost to guide visitors through the preserve.","rotatable":true},{"id":"planter-box","name":"Planter Box","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["meadow","forest","wetland","desert","alpine","coastal"],"healthValue":1,"needs":["plant"],"shape":"planter","color":"#8c6a42","description":"A timber box planted with desert natives — brittlebush, penstemon and globemallow rather than garden flowers.","rotatable":false},{"id":"gazebo","name":"Gazebo","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["meadow","forest","wetland","desert","alpine","coastal"],"healthValue":0,"needs":[],"shape":"gazebo","color":"#7a9aa8","description":"A roofed open-air pavilion — a charming centerpiece and a shady spot to watch the preserve.","rotatable":false},{"id":"clover-patch","name":"Clover Patch","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["meadow","alpine"],"healthValue":4,"needs":["plant","food"],"shape":"clover","color":"#6fae5a","description":"Introduced clover and birdsfoot trefoil, soft and green underfoot. 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A beach with no spare shells on it is missing something.","zone":"mid","waveExposure":"sheltered","rotatable":false},{"id":"subtidal-rubble-flat","name":"Subtidal Rubble Flat","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["coastal"],"healthValue":4,"needs":["shelter","food"],"shape":"rubbleflat","color":"#7a7f75","description":"Loose cobble and broken rock just below the tide, where dead material drifts in and settles down between the stones.","zone":"subtidal","waveExposure":"sheltered","rotatable":false},{"id":"surge-swept-rock-face","name":"Surge-Swept Rock Face","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["coastal"],"healthValue":5,"needs":["shelter","water"],"shape":"surgeface","color":"#5b6169","description":"Open rock taking the full weight of the swell. Punishing to hold onto, and the water never stops moving past it.","zone":"mid","waveExposure":"exposed","rotatable":false},{"id":"barnacle-crust-rock","name":"Barnacle Crust","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["coastal"],"healthValue":4,"needs":["food","shelter"],"shape":"barnaclerock","color":"#d8d2c4","description":"A white crust of acorn barnacles welded across the upper rock — sharp underfoot, rough as coarse sandpaper, and cemented on so hard it is part of the stone.","zone":"high","waveExposure":"exposed","matureHours":4,"matureBonus":1,"rotatable":false},{"id":"protected-sand-gravel-flat","name":"Sheltered Sand-Gravel Flat","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["coastal"],"healthValue":5,"needs":["shelter","water"],"shape":"gravelflat","color":"#b5ac8e","description":"Stable mixed sand and gravel in the lee of a headland — firm enough to dig into and calm enough that it stays exactly where it is.","zone":"low","waveExposure":"sheltered","rotatable":false},{"id":"benthic-amphipod-bed","name":"Muddy Seabed","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["coastal"],"healthValue":7,"needs":["food"],"shape":"amphipodbed","color":"#8a7f6a","description":"Soft, deep sediment along the kelp edge, so thick with tube-building amphipods that the seafloor is more animal than mud.","zone":"subtidal","waveExposure":"moderate","matureHours":8,"matureBonus":2,"rotatable":false},{"id":"sheltered-cobble-field","name":"Sheltered Cobble Field","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["coastal"],"healthValue":4,"needs":["shelter"],"shape":"cobblefield","color":"#8b8578","description":"Loose stones lying on a shore the surf never reaches hard, each one damp and dark underneath. The underside is the habitat, not the top.","zone":"mid","waveExposure":"sheltered","rotatable":false},{"id":"splash-zone-crevice","name":"Splash-Zone Crevice","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["coastal"],"healthValue":3,"needs":["shelter"],"shape":"splashcrevice","color":"#7d7367","description":"Dry-looking cracks in rock that the waves only ever reach as spray. The highest, driest tier of the shore — salt, sun, and hardly any water at all.","zone":"splash","waveExposure":"exposed","rotatable":false},{"id":"shell-dropping-rock","name":"Shell-Dropping Rock","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["coastal"],"healthValue":3,"needs":["food"],"shape":"shellrock","color":"#9a958c","description":"A flat, hard-topped boulder standing clear of the sand, scattered with cracked shells. Hard enough that anything dropped on it from a height breaks open.","zone":"high","waveExposure":"moderate","rotatable":false},{"id":"swash-zone-runnel","name":"Swash-Zone Runnel","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["coastal"],"healthValue":4,"needs":["water","food"],"shape":"swashrunnel","color":"#a9c4cf","description":"The wet, sliding strip where each wave runs out and drains back again, turning the top few centimetres of sand over with every surge.","zone":"low","waveExposure":"exposed","rotatable":false},{"id":"plover-scrape-closure","name":"Plover Scrape Closure","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["coastal"],"healthValue":6,"needs":["shelter","open"],"shape":"ploverscrape","color":"#ddd0b0","description":"A roped-off stretch of bare, open, unvegetated sand with symbolic fencing and signs. There is nothing to build here — what protects the ground is that nobody walks across it.","zone":"backdune","waveExposure":"moderate","rotatable":false},{"id":"high-tide-roost-rock","name":"High-Tide Roost","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["coastal"],"healthValue":4,"needs":["shelter","open"],"shape":"roostrock","color":"#8d8a84","description":"A raised rock or islet that stays dry even at the top of the tide, with open water all around it. Somewhere to stand and wait out the hours when the flats are gone.","zone":"high","waveExposure":"moderate","rotatable":false},{"id":"dune-manzanita","name":"Dune Manzanita","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["coastal"],"healthValue":5,"needs":["plant","food","shelter"],"shape":"dunemanzanita","color":"#8f6f5c","description":"Low sandmat manzanita, a coastal dune shrub that flowers in midwinter and holds its berries hard into the cold months — food behind the beach exactly when there is nothing else going.","zone":"backdune","waveExposure":"sheltered","matureHours":10,"matureBonus":2,"rotatable":false},{"id":"mussel-bed","name":"Mussel Bed","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["coastal"],"healthValue":7,"needs":["food","shelter"],"shape":"musselbed","color":"#3c3a4a","description":"A dense band of blue-black mussels layered two and three deep across mid-zone rock, packed so tight the shells hold each other upright. The gaps between them run right down to the stone.","zone":"mid","waveExposure":"exposed","matureHours":6,"matureBonus":2,"rotatable":false},{"id":"sunlit-surge-pool","name":"Sunlit Surge Pool","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["coastal"],"healthValue":6,"needs":["water","shelter"],"shape":"surgepool","color":"#2e8f7d","description":"A deep pool flushed by every wave and open straight to the sky — surge pouring food down from the rocks above, and full sun reaching all the way to the bottom.","zone":"low","waveExposure":"exposed","rotatable":false},{"id":"offshore-nesting-island","name":"Offshore Nesting Island","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["coastal"],"healthValue":8,"needs":["shelter","open"],"shape":"offshoreislet","color":"#9b9384","description":"A rock stack or islet standing off the coast, with deep water all around and no way onto it on foot. Nothing that walks can reach it.","zone":"splash","waveExposure":"exposed","rotatable":false},{"id":"sandbar-loafing-roost","name":"Sandbar Roost","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["coastal"],"healthValue":5,"needs":["open","shelter"],"shape":"sandbar","color":"#ccbf9d","description":"A low sandbar that dries out between tides — flat, open, ringed with water, and far enough off the beach to be left alone.","zone":"low","waveExposure":"sheltered","rotatable":false},{"id":"haul-out-rocks","name":"Seal Haul-Out Rocks","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["coastal"],"healthValue":7,"needs":["shelter","open"],"shape":"haulout","color":"#767f86","description":"Low rocks and a sand spit with a wide buffer of quiet kept around them, sloping gently enough to climb straight out of the water. The buffer is the point: cross it and the place empties.","zone":"high","waveExposure":"sheltered","rotatable":false},{"id":"sheltered-rafting-cove","name":"Sheltered Rafting Cove","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["coastal"],"healthValue":7,"needs":["water","shelter"],"shape":"raftingcove","color":"#356b7d","description":"Calm water in the lee of a point, inside the kelp — flat as a pond even when the swell is running, with fronds lying loose across the surface.","zone":"subtidal","waveExposure":"sheltered","rotatable":false},{"id":"creosote-bush","name":"Creosote Bush","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["desert"],"healthValue":6,"needs":["plant","shelter"],"shape":"creosotebush","color":"#6b7f4a","description":"The dominant shrub of the Sonoran flats, spaced wide apart because its roots take all the water for metres around. Its resinous leaves smell like rain and lose almost none of it.","matureHours":6,"matureBonus":2,"rotatable":false},{"id":"saguaro","name":"Saguaro","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["desert"],"healthValue":8,"needs":["plant","shelter","food"],"shape":"saguarocolumn","color":"#4a7c3f","description":"A columnar giant that stores months of rain in its pleated stem, swelling and shrinking with the season. Flowers at the crown, fruit in June, and a trunk soft enough to cut into.","matureHours":24,"matureBonus":3,"rotatable":false},{"id":"cholla","name":"Chain-fruit Cholla","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["desert"],"healthValue":5,"needs":["plant","shelter"],"shape":"cholla","color":"#8ba06a","description":"A jointed cactus armoured all over in barbed spines that come away at a touch. Inside the tangle of arms is a space almost nothing can push through to.","matureHours":8,"matureBonus":2,"rotatable":false},{"id":"desert-mistletoe","name":"Desert Mistletoe","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["desert"],"healthValue":3,"needs":["plant","food"],"shape":"mistletoe","color":"#9a8f5c","description":"A leafless parasitic plant rooted inside mesquite and ironwood branches, hanging in dense green-brown clumps. It fruits in midwinter, when nothing else does.","matureHours":6,"matureBonus":1,"rotatable":false},{"id":"chuparosa","name":"Chuparosa","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["desert"],"healthValue":4,"needs":["plant","food"],"shape":"chuparosa","color":"#c4523a","description":"A soft grey shrub carrying tubular scarlet flowers right through the desert winter, when almost nothing else is in bloom.","matureHours":4,"matureBonus":1,"rotatable":false},{"id":"catclaw-acacia","name":"Catclaw Acacia","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["desert"],"healthValue":5,"needs":["plant","shelter","food"],"shape":"catclaw","color":"#7d8b5a","description":"A low thorny tree of desert washes, hooked all over with curved spines that catch as you pass. Thick cover overhead and heavy seed pods by late summer.","matureHours":10,"matureBonus":2,"rotatable":false},{"id":"bush-muhly","name":"Bush Muhly","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["desert"],"healthValue":4,"needs":["plant","food"],"shape":"bushmuhly","color":"#b8a35e","description":"A fine-stemmed native perennial grass that grows up through shrubs for protection. It is the first thing livestock graze away, so its return is a sign the flat is healing.","matureHours":5,"matureBonus":2,"rotatable":false},{"id":"cryptobiotic-crust","name":"Living Soil Crust","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["desert"],"healthValue":5,"needs":["plant"],"shape":"soilcrust","color":"#5c5a4a","description":"A living skin of cyanobacteria, lichens and mosses knitting the bare soil together. It fixes nitrogen, holds water and blocks weed seedlings — and a single boot or hoof print undoes decades of it.","matureHours":24,"matureBonus":3,"rotatable":false},{"id":"bare-ground-patch","name":"Open Bare Ground","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["desert"],"healthValue":3,"needs":["open"],"shape":"bareground","color":"#cbb287","description":"A patch of soft, uncompacted soil deliberately left open between the shrubs. Loose enough to dig straight down into — but only where nothing has packed it hard.","matureHours":2,"matureBonus":1,"rotatable":false},{"id":"harvester-ant-mound","name":"Harvester Ant Mound","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["desert"],"healthValue":4,"needs":["food"],"shape":"antmound","color":"#a8763f","description":"A low gravel-capped mound with a bare cleared disc around it and a rim of discarded seed husks. Whatever is under there moves an astonishing amount of soil.","matureHours":12,"matureBonus":1,"rotatable":false},{"id":"buried-deadwood","name":"Buried Deadwood","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["desert"],"healthValue":4,"needs":["shelter","food"],"shape":"burieddeadwood","color":"#6e5a41","description":"Dead mesquite and creosote stems worked half into the soil, in contact with damp earth rather than lying dry on the surface. Buried wood breaks down; surface wood just bleaches.","matureHours":4,"matureBonus":1,"rotatable":false},{"id":"shrub-litter-mound","name":"Shrub Litter Mound","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["desert"],"healthValue":3,"needs":["shelter","food"],"shape":"shrublitter","color":"#8a7a52","description":"Wind-drifted leaves, stems and seed husks caught and heaped under a shrub. Dry and crackling on top, damp and dark underneath after any rain.","matureHours":3,"matureBonus":1,"rotatable":false},{"id":"termite-worked-litter","name":"Crumbled Soil","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["desert"],"healthValue":5,"needs":["plant"],"shape":"crumbledsoil","color":"#7a6748","description":"Soil laced with fine old galleries and sheeted over with cemented litter, worked through from below rather than from the surface. The tunnels let rain soak in instead of running off.","matureHours":12,"matureBonus":2,"rotatable":false},{"id":"tortoise-burrow","name":"Tortoise Burrow","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["desert"],"healthValue":7,"needs":["shelter"],"shape":"tortoiseburrow","color":"#7b6a4f","description":"A long, cool, straight-sided den dug back into a bank and kept open by use. Far deeper than anything else out here manages, and steady in temperature all year.","matureHours":8,"matureBonus":2,"rotatable":false},{"id":"caliche-shelter-cave","name":"Caliche Den","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["desert"],"healthValue":6,"needs":["shelter"],"shape":"calichecave","color":"#b9ac8e","description":"A hollow eroded into a hard caliche bank on a rocky slope — a ready-made chamber with a solid roof, and no digging required.","matureHours":6,"matureBonus":1,"rotatable":false},{"id":"creosote-mound","name":"Creosote Coppice Mound","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["desert"],"healthValue":5,"needs":["shelter","plant"],"shape":"creosotemound","color":"#7e7d55","description":"Wind-caught soil heaped up around a creosote's base and riddled with fine tunnels. The earth is loose and easy to work, and the shrub above hides the doorways.","matureHours":8,"matureBonus":2,"rotatable":false},{"id":"seed-larder-burrow","name":"Seed Larder Burrow","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["desert"],"healthValue":5,"needs":["shelter","food"],"shape":"seedlarder","color":"#a4885c","description":"A shallow burrow under a shrub with side chambers packed full of seeds, its entrances plugged with sand every dawn. The plug traps humid air inside, which matters as much as the food does.","matureHours":4,"matureBonus":1,"rotatable":false},{"id":"deep-sand-burrow","name":"Deep Sand Burrow","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["desert"],"healthValue":5,"needs":["shelter"],"shape":"deepsandburrow","color":"#9c7f5a","description":"A spiral shaft driven as much as two and a half metres down into loose soil. At that depth the heat and the dryness of the surface simply do not reach.","matureHours":4,"matureBonus":1,"rotatable":false},{"id":"kit-fox-den","name":"Sandy Den","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["desert"],"healthValue":6,"needs":["shelter"],"shape":"kitfoxden","color":"#8d7f66","description":"A cool den with several entrances, widened out of an older tunnel rather than dug from scratch. The extra doors are escape routes.","matureHours":6,"matureBonus":2,"rotatable":false},{"id":"wash-bank-den","name":"Wash Bank Den","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["desert"],"healthValue":6,"needs":["shelter"],"shape":"washbankden","color":"#85704f","description":"An earthen den dug into the cut bank of a dry wash, set above the flood line — shaded, well-drained, and dry even when the wash runs.","matureHours":6,"matureBonus":2,"rotatable":false},{"id":"snake-hibernaculum-desert","name":"Winter Rock Den","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["desert"],"healthValue":5,"needs":["shelter"],"shape":"desertwinterden","color":"#6f6660","description":"A deep rock fissure running below the frost line that stays above freezing all winter. The same fissure gets used again year after year, sometimes for decades.","matureHours":6,"matureBonus":1,"rotatable":false},{"id":"saguaro-boot","name":"Cactus Hollow","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["desert"],"healthValue":6,"needs":["shelter"],"shape":"saguaroboot","color":"#8f7f5e","description":"The hard, waterproof scar a cactus grows around a hole cut into its trunk — a smooth-walled flask of dried callus. It outlasts the soft flesh around it entirely.","matureHours":12,"matureBonus":2,"rotatable":false},{"id":"thornscrub-stick-nest","name":"Thorn Thicket Nest","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["desert"],"healthValue":4,"needs":["shelter"],"shape":"thornnest","color":"#7a6a4c","description":"A bulky stick platform wedged a metre or two up inside a thorny shrub. High enough to be off the ground, and prickly enough that nothing follows.","matureHours":4,"matureBonus":1,"rotatable":false},{"id":"carrion-patch","name":"Carrion Ground","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["desert"],"healthValue":3,"needs":["food"],"shape":"carrionground","color":"#7d6b63","description":"An animal that has died, left where it fell instead of hauled away. Within a few days almost nothing is left of it, and all of it is back in the soil.","matureHours":2,"matureBonus":1,"rotatable":false},{"id":"saguaro-fruit-fall","name":"Saguaro Fruit Fall","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["desert"],"healthValue":4,"needs":["food"],"shape":"saguarofruit","color":"#b8443c","description":"Split crimson saguaro fruit at the height of the June heat, just before the rains. For a few weeks it is the richest food and the wettest drink in the whole desert.","matureHours":6,"matureBonus":1,"rotatable":false},{"id":"pollinated-cactus-fruit","name":"Cactus Fruit Set","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["desert"],"healthValue":4,"needs":["food"],"shape":"cactusfruitset","color":"#9c3f5a","description":"Prickly pear and cholla hanging heavy with ripe fruit. A crop this size only sets where every flower was properly pollinated first — and out here that is never guaranteed.","matureHours":6,"matureBonus":1,"rotatable":false},{"id":"shade-form-scrape","name":"Shade Form","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["desert"],"healthValue":3,"needs":["shelter"],"shape":"shadeform","color":"#a3906a","description":"A shallow scrape hollowed out in the deep shade under a shrub, down to cool soil. Ten degrees cooler than the open ground a metre away.","matureHours":2,"matureBonus":1,"rotatable":false},{"id":"browse-exclosure","name":"Browse Exclosure","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["forest"],"healthValue":4,"needs":["plant"],"shape":"browseexclosure","color":"#7d8b5a","description":"A low fence ringed around a patch of oak seedlings. Where browsing pressure is heavy, young oaks never get past knee height — inside the fence, acorns get to become trees.","matureHours":4,"matureBonus":2,"rotatable":false},{"id":"nurse-log-seedbed","name":"Nurse Log Seedbed","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["forest"],"healthValue":5,"needs":["plant"],"shape":"nurselog","color":"#6b7a55","description":"A rotting, moss-covered log lying on the forest floor. Hemlock seeds that land on bare leaf litter almost always fail; the ones that land on rotten wood become the next generation of trees.","matureHours":6,"matureBonus":2,"rotatable":false},{"id":"deep-duff-soil","name":"Deep Leaf Mould","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["forest"],"healthValue":6,"needs":["plant"],"shape":"deepduff","color":"#4a3b28","description":"Years of undisturbed leaf mould, never raked and never driven over, threaded through with tree roots and fungal strands. This is where the forest's fungi actually live.","matureHours":12,"matureBonus":3,"rotatable":false},{"id":"truffle-patch","name":"Truffle Patch","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["forest"],"healthValue":6,"needs":["food"],"shape":"trufflepatch","color":"#5c4a33","description":"Underground fungal tubers clustered on oak and hemlock roots. Nothing shows above ground at all; the whole crop sits an inch or two down and has to be smelled out.","matureHours":8,"matureBonus":2,"rotatable":false},{"id":"soft-rot-snag","name":"Rotting Dead Tree","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["forest"],"healthValue":5,"needs":["shelter"],"shape":"softrotsnag","color":"#8c7f6a","description":"A small dead stub whose wood has gone soft and pale with white rot, easy to press a thumbnail into. The fungi got here first, and that is what makes it workable.","matureHours":6,"matureBonus":1,"rotatable":false},{"id":"rotting-heartwood-log","name":"Rotted-Out Log","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["forest"],"healthValue":5,"needs":["shelter"],"shape":"hollowheartlog","color":"#7a6a4e","description":"A log rotted hollow right through the middle while its outer shell still holds. Inside it is dark, damp and sealed off from the weather.","matureHours":6,"matureBonus":2,"rotatable":false},{"id":"downy-cavity","name":"Downy Woodpecker Hole","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["forest"],"healthValue":4,"needs":["shelter"],"shape":"downycavity","color":"#9a8b70","description":"A round hole about the width of a thumb, chiselled into a dead trunk and left after a single season. Small, dry, and already made.","matureHours":2,"matureBonus":1,"rotatable":false},{"id":"pileated-cavity-snag","name":"Tall Hollow Tree","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["forest"],"healthValue":7,"needs":["shelter"],"shape":"pileatedsnag","color":"#8a7a5e","description":"A large snag carrying a deep rectangular cavity cut into it last spring, big enough to put an arm into. A fresh one gets cut every year, and the old ones stay.","matureHours":6,"matureBonus":2,"rotatable":false},{"id":"flooded-cavity-snag","name":"Dead Tree Over Water","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["forest"],"healthValue":7,"needs":["shelter"],"shape":"floodedsnag","color":"#7e7458","description":"A dead trunk standing in shallow water with an old cavity high in it. Nothing below the hole but open air, and several metres down, water.","matureHours":6,"matureBonus":2,"rotatable":false},{"id":"bark-slab-snag","name":"Peeling Bark Tree","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["forest"],"healthValue":4,"needs":["shelter"],"shape":"barkslabsnag","color":"#87765d","description":"A dying tree whose bark has pulled away from the trunk in loose curling slabs. Behind each slab is a warm, dry, flat gap barely wider than a finger.","matureHours":4,"matureBonus":1,"rotatable":false},{"id":"leaf-drey","name":"Leaf Drey","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["forest"],"healthValue":3,"needs":["shelter"],"shape":"leafdrey","color":"#7f6b45","description":"A ball of leaves and twigs the size of a football, wedged tight into a high fork and woven from the inside out. Rebuilt every year, and rarely left standing empty for long.","matureHours":2,"matureBonus":1,"rotatable":false},{"id":"larder-burrow","name":"Larder Burrow","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["forest"],"healthValue":4,"needs":["shelter","food"],"shape":"larderburrow","color":"#6b5b45","description":"A burrow entrance no wider than a coin, with tunnels running metres underground to a nest chamber and a storage room holding more than a litre of seeds.","matureHours":3,"matureBonus":1,"rotatable":false},{"id":"hemlock-stand","name":"Hemlock Stand","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["forest"],"healthValue":8,"needs":["shelter","plant","food"],"shape":"hemlockstand","color":"#2f4a37","description":"A close-grown group of hemlocks. The canopy holds the snow off the ground beneath it, the shade keeps the stream running cold, and the inner bark stays reachable all winter.","matureHours":14,"matureBonus":3,"rotatable":false},{"id":"browse-thicket","name":"Browse Thicket","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["forest"],"healthValue":5,"needs":["food","plant"],"shape":"browsethicket","color":"#6d8348","description":"Dense young regrowth crowding a gap where a big tree came down — every twig within reach from the ground. It only stays this thick while the browsing pressure stays light.","matureHours":6,"matureBonus":2,"rotatable":false},{"id":"crayfish-shallows","name":"Crayfish Shallows","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["forest"],"healthValue":5,"needs":["water","food"],"shape":"crayfishshallows","color":"#5f7d84","description":"A stony, ankle-deep margin of loose flat rocks over gravel, with dark backed-up gaps underneath every one of them.","matureHours":4,"matureBonus":1,"rotatable":false},{"id":"root-mass-den","name":"Root-Mass Den","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["forest"],"healthValue":6,"needs":["shelter"],"shape":"rootplateden","color":"#5a4a36","description":"The dry hollow left under the tipped-up root plate of a fallen tree — roofed with earth and roots, and sheltered from every direction but one.","matureHours":8,"matureBonus":2,"rotatable":false},{"id":"earth-den-bank","name":"Earth Den Bank","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["forest"],"healthValue":5,"needs":["shelter"],"shape":"earthdenbank","color":"#6f5c42","description":"A well-drained slope with a den dug back into it and several entrances along the face. Enlarged and reused for generations rather than dug fresh.","matureHours":4,"matureBonus":1,"rotatable":false},{"id":"snake-hibernaculum-forest","name":"Forest Winter Den","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["forest"],"healthValue":5,"needs":["shelter"],"shape":"forestwinterden","color":"#78736a","description":"A deep, rubble-filled crack running below the frost line and staying there all winter. Cold but never freezing, right through to spring.","matureHours":4,"matureBonus":1,"rotatable":false},{"id":"broken-top-chimney","name":"Broken-Top Chimney Tree","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["forest"],"healthValue":8,"needs":["shelter"],"shape":"chimneytree","color":"#7b6e52","description":"A big living tree snapped off high and hollowed downward by heart rot, leaving an open chimney a foot across. Nothing cuts a cavity this size — it only appears in a tree old enough to rot from the inside.","matureHours":12,"matureBonus":3,"rotatable":false},{"id":"hollow-denning-tree","name":"Hollow Denning Tree","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["forest"],"healthValue":8,"needs":["shelter"],"shape":"denningtree","color":"#6c5f47","description":"A living tree with a rot-hollowed chamber high in the trunk, dry inside and metres above the forest floor. Nothing that hunts on the ground gets up to it.","matureHours":12,"matureBonus":3,"rotatable":false},{"id":"rocky-den-ledge","name":"Rocky Den Ledge","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["forest"],"healthValue":5,"needs":["shelter"],"shape":"rockydenledge","color":"#7f8288","description":"A dry gap under a leaning slab of rock, screened by brush and open at both ends. Sheltered, but easy to slip out of at the first sound.","matureHours":6,"matureBonus":1,"rotatable":false},{"id":"adopted-stick-nest","name":"Adopted Stick Nest","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["forest"],"healthValue":5,"needs":["shelter"],"shape":"adoptednest","color":"#8b7c63","description":"A bulky old platform of sticks and leaves left behind in a high fork, weathered and a little sagging but still sound. Second-hand, and ready to use in the middle of winter.","matureHours":4,"matureBonus":1,"rotatable":false},{"id":"bare-soil-scrape","name":"Bare Soil Scrape","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["meadow"],"healthValue":2,"needs":["open"],"shape":"soilscrape","color":"#c9b183","description":"A hand-cleared patch of open mineral soil, raked back to bare ground. Bare ground is habitat too — seedlings and open earth both need somewhere that isn't covered.","rotatable":false},{"id":"native-thistle-stand","name":"Native Thistle Stand","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["meadow"],"healthValue":5,"needs":["plant","food"],"shape":"thistlestand","color":"#9b6fa8","description":"Wavyleaf thistle, a native prairie thistle rather than one of the invasive European kinds. Deep tubular flowers, and seed heads that break open into soft down.","rotatable":false},{"id":"grass-thatch-litter","name":"Grass Thatch Litter","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["meadow"],"healthValue":3,"needs":["shelter"],"shape":"thatchmat","color":"#b6a06a","description":"A deep mat of dead grass stems, leaves and roots left where they fell. This is the raw material meadow fungi take apart and hand back to the soil as minerals.","matureHours":3,"matureBonus":1,"rotatable":false},{"id":"grasshopper-egg-pod-bank","name":"Egg Pod Bank","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["meadow"],"healthValue":3,"needs":["open"],"shape":"eggpodbank","color":"#d9c48a","description":"A strip of firm, sun-warmed bare soil along the edge of the grass, packed hard enough to hold a drilled hole open. Whatever gets buried in it sits out the whole winter there.","rotatable":false},{"id":"vole-runway-network","name":"Grass Runways","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["meadow"],"healthValue":4,"needs":["shelter","food"],"shape":"volerunway","color":"#6f8f3f","description":"Narrow runways clipped through dense grass at ground level, linking burrow openings and grass-lined chambers. A whole map of little highways hidden under the thatch.","rotatable":false},{"id":"milkweed-rhizome-bed","name":"Milkweed Bed","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["meadow"],"healthValue":6,"needs":["plant","food"],"shape":"milkweedbed","color":"#c98fa8","description":"A spreading bed of showy milkweed grown from rhizome cuttings, its stems bleeding white sap wherever they break. Nothing else in the meadow substitutes for it, and one bed slowly becomes a patch.","matureHours":6,"matureBonus":2,"rotatable":false},{"id":"bumblebee-nest-tussock","name":"Nesting Tussock","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["meadow"],"healthValue":4,"needs":["shelter","plant"],"shape":"nesttussock","color":"#9aa85f","description":"A dense unmown grass tussock sitting over an abandoned hole in the turf — warm, fur-lined, dry and completely hidden from above.","rotatable":false},{"id":"brush-form-hollow","name":"Brush Hollow","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["meadow"],"healthValue":4,"needs":["shelter"],"shape":"formhollow","color":"#a8925c","description":"A shallow scrape pressed into the grass under low brush, just deep enough to sit level with the ground. A resting place rather than a burrow — no digging involved.","matureHours":2,"matureBonus":1,"rotatable":false},{"id":"serviceberry-browse-thicket","name":"Berry Thicket","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["meadow"],"healthValue":7,"needs":["food","plant","shelter"],"shape":"serviceberry","color":"#5d7a4a","description":"Saskatoon serviceberry, a native shrub with soft twigs and fat buds that stay reachable above the snow, and heavy purple fruit by late summer.","matureHours":10,"matureBonus":3,"rotatable":false},{"id":"milkweed-aphid-colony","name":"Sap-Rich Stems","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["meadow"],"healthValue":2,"needs":["food"],"shape":"aphidcluster","color":"#e8d24a","description":"Bright orange oleander aphids packed shoulder to shoulder along milkweed stems, thick enough to hide the green underneath. Not a problem to be sprayed — a stand of milkweed carries them every year and is none the worse for it.","rotatable":false},{"id":"squirrel-burrow-town","name":"Burrow Town","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["meadow"],"healthValue":5,"needs":["shelter"],"shape":"burrowtown","color":"#8b7a5a","description":"A multi-entrance burrow system dug into deep open soil, its mounded doorways scattered right across a wide patch of ground. Long after it is abandoned the tunnels stay open.","rotatable":false},{"id":"mantis-ootheca-stem","name":"Egg-Case Stem","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["meadow"],"healthValue":2,"needs":["shelter"],"shape":"ootheca","color":"#a89a6c","description":"Stiff dead forb stems left standing through the winter, with a hardened tan foam case glued around one of them. Cut the stems back in autumn and you cut out what is inside them.","rotatable":false},{"id":"domed-grass-nest-tunnel","name":"Domed Grass Nest","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["meadow"],"healthValue":5,"needs":["shelter"],"shape":"domednest","color":"#c8b46a","description":"A grass-roofed nest cup woven down into deep bunchgrass, with a covered runway leading in. Only a real expanse of native grass is thick enough to hide one.","rotatable":false},{"id":"bluebird-nest-box","name":"Bluebird Nest Box","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["meadow"],"healthValue":5,"needs":["shelter"],"shape":"bluebirdbox","color":"#6b8cc4","description":"A wooden box with a small round entrance hole and a metal baffle on the pole below it, facing open grass. The hole is cut to one exact width, and that width is the whole design.","rotatable":false},{"id":"snake-hibernaculum-meadow","name":"Meadow Winter Den","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["meadow"],"healthValue":5,"needs":["shelter"],"shape":"hibernaculum","color":"#6e6a5c","description":"A rock-and-soil chamber dug below the frost line, often started from an old tunnel in the bank. Room enough down there for a great many bodies at once.","rotatable":false},{"id":"deep-loam-soil-bank","name":"Deep Soil Bank","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["meadow"],"healthValue":6,"needs":["shelter"],"shape":"loambank","color":"#4e3d2c","description":"A bank of deep, stone-free, uncompacted loam — no rock, no hardpan, nothing to hit. Soil like this can be dug faster than it can be walked over.","rotatable":false},{"id":"earthen-fox-den","name":"Earth Den","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["meadow"],"healthValue":6,"needs":["shelter"],"shape":"foxden","color":"#b4622e","description":"A south-facing bank widened into a den with several exits, enlarged from an older burrow rather than dug from scratch. Dry, warm early in the year, and quick to leave from.","rotatable":false},{"id":"crown-stick-eyrie","name":"Crown Stick Eyrie","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["meadow"],"healthValue":8,"needs":["shelter"],"shape":"crowneyrie","color":"#a89070","description":"A bulky platform of sticks wedged into the crown of the tallest tree, with a clear view out over open grass. Built once, then added to and handed on.","rotatable":false},{"id":"sunlit-mudflat","name":"Sunlit Mudflat","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["wetland"],"healthValue":3,"needs":["open"],"shape":"mudflat","color":"#8a6f4e","description":"A bare shelf of wet, sun-warmed mud at the water's edge. Cattail seed is tiny and needs light and open ground to germinate — it will not sprout in shade or under standing water.","rotatable":false},{"id":"clearwater-shallows","name":"Clearwater Shallows","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["wetland"],"healthValue":6,"needs":["water"],"shape":"clearshallows","color":"#8fc7d6","description":"Slow water with the silt settled out of it, so sunlight reaches the bottom. Submerged plants live on that light — which is why clear water and underwater meadows always arrive together.","rotatable":false},{"id":"detritus-drift","name":"Litter Drift","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["wetland"],"healthValue":4,"needs":["food"],"shape":"detritusdrift","color":"#6b5a3e","description":"A submerged raft of dead cattail and sedge leaves, softening under a fur of fungi and bacteria. More energy moves through a marsh this way — as dead plants — than through anything eaten alive.","matureHours":4,"matureBonus":2,"rotatable":false},{"id":"crayfish-burrow-bank","name":"Crayfish Burrow Bank","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["wetland"],"healthValue":5,"needs":["shelter"],"shape":"crayfishbank","color":"#9c7b52","description":"A saturated clay bank riddled with finger-wide tunnels running back into the wet clay. Each one holds water even when the marsh draws right down in late summer.","rotatable":false},{"id":"submerged-spawning-slab","name":"Submerged Spawning Slab","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["wetland"],"healthValue":4,"needs":["shelter"],"shape":"spawningslab","color":"#6e7d78","description":"A flat stone or plank lying just below the surface with a clear gap underneath. The underside is smooth, shaded and scrubbed clean — a ceiling rather than a floor.","rotatable":false},{"id":"stable-silt-shoal","name":"Stable Silt Shoal","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["wetland"],"healthValue":6,"needs":["water"],"shape":"siltshoal","color":"#b9ae90","description":"A broad shelf of settled silt and fine sand in water slow enough that it stays put for years at a time. Soft enough to sink into, stable enough not to shift.","rotatable":false},{"id":"cattail-root-shallows","name":"Cattail Root Shallows","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["wetland"],"healthValue":6,"needs":["food","water"],"shape":"cattailroots","color":"#6d8a4a","description":"Shallow water over a dense mat of cattail rootstocks — starchy, swollen and packed down into the mud. Reachable from underneath even when the surface is frozen over.","matureHours":6,"matureBonus":2,"rotatable":false},{"id":"flooded-reed-clump","name":"Flooded Reed Clump","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["wetland"],"healthValue":5,"needs":["shelter","plant"],"shape":"floodedreeds","color":"#7f8f4e","description":"A tight stand of cattail and reed stems standing in ankle-deep water, stiff enough to hold a weight slung between them. The water underneath is what makes it safe.","matureHours":5,"matureBonus":2,"rotatable":false},{"id":"winter-litter-mound","name":"Winter Litter Mound","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["wetland"],"healthValue":4,"needs":["shelter"],"shape":"winterlitter","color":"#6a5a3c","description":"A deep pile of damp leaves, loose bark and old stems heaped on dry ground beside the marsh. Deep enough that the middle of it never quite reaches the temperature of the air.","rotatable":false},{"id":"vernal-pool","name":"Fishless Vernal Pool","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["wetland"],"healthValue":6,"needs":["water"],"shape":"vernalpool","color":"#7fb2a8","description":"A shallow, separate pool that fills with snowmelt and dries out completely by late summer. Drying is the point: nothing that needs water year-round can ever establish in it.","rotatable":false},{"id":"wet-meadow-margin","name":"Wet Meadow Edge","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["wetland"],"healthValue":5,"needs":["plant","shelter"],"shape":"wetmeadow","color":"#86a35a","description":"A band of damp, grassy meadow between the marsh and dry land — never flooded, never properly dry. Lose this band and the marsh ends in a hard edge.","matureHours":6,"matureBonus":2,"rotatable":false},{"id":"sandy-nest-bank","name":"Sandy Nest Bank","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["wetland"],"healthValue":5,"needs":["shelter"],"shape":"sandnestbank","color":"#c2ad7e","description":"A warm, well-drained rise of sand and fine gravel above the waterline, loose enough to dig and quick to drain. Banks like this are far scarcer than they look.","rotatable":false},{"id":"crane-nest-mound","name":"Crane Nest Mound","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["wetland"],"healthValue":6,"needs":["shelter"],"shape":"cranenest","color":"#8a8557","description":"A broad heap of piled marsh plants built up in open shallow water, its top standing well clear of the waterline. Anything approaching it has to wade.","rotatable":false},{"id":"hidden-reed-platform","name":"Hidden Reed Platform","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["wetland"],"healthValue":6,"needs":["shelter"],"shape":"reedplatform","color":"#7a7a44","description":"A low platform of living reeds bent down and woven together deep inside a dense stand, barely a hand's width above the water. Invisible from every direction, including above.","rotatable":false},{"id":"cut-bank-burrow","name":"Cut Bank Burrow","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["wetland"],"healthValue":6,"needs":["shelter"],"shape":"cutbank","color":"#a08258","description":"A bare, vertical earth bank rising straight out of the water, soft enough to tunnel a metre back into and firm enough that the tunnel holds.","rotatable":false},{"id":"overwater-thicket","name":"Overwater Thicket","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["wetland"],"healthValue":7,"needs":["shelter","plant"],"shape":"overwaterthicket","color":"#4f7a45","description":"Low willow and alder leaning right out over deep still water, their branches hanging a metre above the surface with cool shade underneath.","matureHours":8,"matureBonus":2,"rotatable":false},{"id":"muskrat-bank-den","name":"Old Bank Den","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["wetland"],"healthValue":5,"needs":["shelter"],"shape":"muskratden","color":"#7d6647","description":"An abandoned bank burrow with its entrance below the waterline and its chamber dry above it. Someone else dug it, and it has stood empty since.","rotatable":false},{"id":"otter-bank-den","name":"River Bank Den","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["wetland"],"healthValue":7,"needs":["shelter"],"shape":"otterden","color":"#6b5540","description":"A roomy den in the bank with an underwater entrance and a dry chamber above — almost always an older lodge or burrow taken over rather than dug fresh.","rotatable":false},{"id":"beaver-pond","name":"Dammed Pond","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["wetland"],"healthValue":9,"needs":["water","shelter"],"shape":"beaverpond","color":"#4f7d93","description":"Deep, permanent water held back behind a stick-and-mud dam, with drowned trees still standing in it. Quite different from open cattail marsh — deeper, more open, and it does not appear on its own.","matureHours":12,"matureBonus":3,"rotatable":false},{"id":"beaver-canal","name":"Dug Channel","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["wetland"],"healthValue":6,"needs":["water"],"shape":"beavercanal","color":"#5f8fa0","description":"A shallow dug channel running out from the pond into the marsh, just deep enough to float a branch down. It keeps open water connected right through a dry summer.","rotatable":false},{"id":"rotting-log-crumble","name":"Crumbling Log","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["meadow"],"healthValue":3,"needs":["shelter","food"],"shape":"punkylog","color":"#7c5a3c","description":"A soft, damp, half-rotted log going back to soil, crumbling apart when you lift it. Under it the air stays wet all day, whatever the weather is doing above.","matureHours":6,"matureBonus":2,"rotatable":false},{"id":"orb-web-anchor-stems","name":"Web Anchor Stems","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["meadow"],"healthValue":2,"needs":["shelter"],"shape":"orbweb","color":"#cfd6c2","description":"Tall dry stems left standing in a sunny gap, stiff enough to hold a line of silk taut between them.","rotatable":false},{"id":"bat-maternity-roost","name":"Maternity Roost","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["meadow"],"healthValue":5,"needs":["shelter"],"shape":"batroost","color":"#5a4a5e","description":"A narrow, dark crevice high off the ground with full sun on the rock outside it. Warm right through the day, and tight enough that anything inside is pressed against the walls.","rotatable":false},{"id":"barn-loft-nest-box","name":"Barn Loft","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["meadow"],"healthValue":7,"needs":["shelter"],"shape":"plankloft","color":"#a83c2b","description":"A deep wooden box mounted high under a gable, open on one side, with a lip of straw across the sill. Dark and dry inside, well above the ground.","rotatable":false},{"id":"coyote-natal-den-bank","name":"Den Bank","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["meadow"],"healthValue":6,"needs":["shelter"],"shape":"coyoteden","color":"#8a6f4a","description":"A den dug into a brushy bank, usually an old hole widened out rather than started fresh. Used hard for a few weeks and then left behind.","rotatable":false},{"id":"damp-leaf-corner","name":"Damp Leaf Corner","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["meadow"],"healthValue":3,"needs":["shelter","plant"],"shape":"leafcorner","color":"#6b5a3a","description":"A shaded corner where fallen leaves are left to pile up and soften instead of being cleared away. Underneath it stays damp even through a dry week.","matureHours":2,"matureBonus":1,"rotatable":false},{"id":"goat-cliff-ledge","name":"Goat Cliff Ledge","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["alpine"],"healthValue":7,"needs":["shelter","open"],"shape":"goatledge","color":"#8d8579","description":"A narrow shelf cut across a near-vertical face, scraped bare and dusty and no wider than a doormat. Ground far steeper than anything else would attempt.","rotatable":false},{"id":"alpine-mineral-lick","name":"Mineral Lick","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["alpine"],"healthValue":4,"needs":["food","open"],"shape":"minerallick","color":"#c9bfa6","description":"A damp bank of salty earth, gnawed and licked down into a hollow. The minerals in it are not in the spring grass, and there is nowhere else this high to get them.","rotatable":false},{"id":"deep-snow-den","name":"Deep Snow Den","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["alpine"],"healthValue":6,"needs":["shelter"],"shape":"snowden","color":"#dfe9f2","description":"A tunnel driven metres down into a drift that holds into late spring, threaded around fallen boulders, with frozen food stashed in side chambers. A nursery and a freezer at once — and it only works where the snow lasts.","rotatable":false},{"id":"deep-canyon-edge","name":"Deep Canyon Edge","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["coastal"],"healthValue":9,"needs":["water","open"],"shape":"deepedge","color":"#12384f","description":"The place where the seafloor stops and falls away into cold blue-black depth. Deep water, right up hard against the coast.","rotatable":false},{"id":"breaking-surf-line","name":"Breaking Surf Line","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["coastal"],"healthValue":6,"needs":["water","food"],"shape":"surfline","color":"#2f7f8c","description":"A clean line of waves standing up and toppling along an open beach — a moving wall of white water running the whole length of the shore.","rotatable":false},{"id":"eelgrass-grazing-lawn","name":"Turtle Grazing Lawn","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["coastal"],"healthValue":6,"needs":["plant","food"],"shape":"eelgrasslawn","color":"#7fae6d","description":"A patch of eelgrass cropped short and kept that way, its blades staying young and tender instead of growing long and tough. The cropping is what maintains it.","rotatable":false},{"id":"saguaro-crown-nest","name":"Cactus Crown Nest","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["desert"],"healthValue":6,"needs":["shelter"],"shape":"cactuscrownnest","color":"#8a7145","description":"A bulky stick platform wedged into the crook where a tall cactus splits into arms — wide enough to stand a whole family on, with a wall of spines below that nothing can climb.","rotatable":false},{"id":"tarantula-silk-burrow","name":"Silk-Lined Burrow","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["desert"],"healthValue":4,"needs":["shelter"],"shape":"silkburrow","color":"#6b5844","description":"A thumb-wide hole in firm ground, its rim smoothed and bound with silk, and a few trip-lines fanned out across the sand around it. Whatever made it may keep the same one for twenty years.","rotatable":false},{"id":"elk-wallow","name":"Elk Wallow","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["forest"],"healthValue":5,"needs":["water","open"],"shape":"elkwallow","color":"#6b5a45","description":"A churned muddy hollow in a forest opening, kept wet and bare by something heavy rolling in it. The puddle left in the dish afterwards holds water for weeks.","rotatable":false},{"id":"bramble-ground-nest","name":"Bramble Ground Nest","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["forest"],"healthValue":3,"needs":["shelter"],"shape":"nest","color":"#7a6a4a","description":"A grass-lined cup sunk level with the leaf litter beneath an arching bramble. Nothing above it but thorns, and that is the entire defence.","rotatable":false},{"id":"eagle-nest-crown","name":"Eagle Nest Crown","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["wetland"],"healthValue":8,"needs":["shelter"],"shape":"eaglecrown","color":"#6c7b4e","description":"The crown of the tallest living tree on the marsh, holding a stick nest the size of a bathtub. A pair returns to the same nest year after year and adds to it until the branch underneath finally gives way.","matureHours":6,"matureBonus":2,"rotatable":false},{"id":"still-water-cove","name":"Still Water Cove","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["wetland"],"healthValue":4,"needs":["water"],"shape":"stillcove","color":"#93c0cf","description":"A pocket of open water tucked in behind the reeds where the wind never reaches, its surface as smooth as glass with a few floating stems drifting on it. Nothing disturbs the skin of it at all.","rotatable":false},{"id":"winter-sleep-burrow","name":"Winter Sleep Burrow","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["alpine"],"healthValue":4,"needs":["shelter"],"shape":"wintersleepburrow","color":"#5c4a38","description":"A tunnel driven in under a tilted slab to a grass-lined chamber below the frost line. No larder, no side rooms — just somewhere to lie still, barely above freezing, until spring.","rotatable":false},{"id":"moth-scree-crack","name":"Rock Crack","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["alpine"],"healthValue":4,"needs":["shelter"],"shape":"screecrack","color":"#7b7166","description":"A dark slot under a loose scree slab, cool, windless and dry, running back further than the daylight reaches. The day's heat never gets to the back of it.","rotatable":false},{"id":"swift-cliff-seam","name":"Cliff Seam","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["alpine"],"healthValue":5,"needs":["shelter"],"shape":"cliffseam","color":"#6e7480","description":"A narrow vertical crack running up a sheer rock face, far too tight for anything with proper feet to stand in. The only way in is head-first, and the only way out is a drop.","rotatable":false},{"id":"wild-grape-tangle","name":"Wild Grape Tangle","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["forest"],"healthValue":6,"needs":["plant","food","shelter"],"shape":"grapetangle","color":"#5b7c3a","plantable":true,"plantCost":{"berries":2},"growSeconds":60,"matureHours":6,"matureBonus":2,"description":"A woody vine roped up a leaning trunk, heavy with fruit by late summer. A ladder and a larder at once — climbable the whole way up, with food waiting at the top.","yield":{"resourceId":"berries","qty":1,"regrowSeconds":60},"rotatable":false},{"id":"snake-egg-mound","name":"Snake Egg Mound","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["forest"],"healthValue":5,"needs":["shelter"],"shape":"eggmound","color":"#7a6249","description":"A heap of rotting wood chips and bark banked up against a cut stump. It runs warm inside as it rots, which is the whole point — bury something in it and the heap does the work.","rotatable":false},{"id":"willow-thicket-swale","name":"Willow Thicket","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["coastal"],"healthValue":6,"needs":["plant","shelter"],"shape":"dunewillow","color":"#6f8a5a","plantable":true,"plantCost":{"seeds":2,"water":1},"growSeconds":60,"matureHours":6,"matureBonus":2,"zone":"backdune","waveExposure":"sheltered","description":"A damp hollow behind the dunes filled with low willow and bramble, tangled right down to the ground. Nothing of any size can push into it.","rotatable":false},{"id":"canyon-ledge-den","name":"Canyon Ledge Den","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["desert"],"healthValue":6,"needs":["shelter"],"shape":"canyonledgeden","color":"#8a5f45","description":"A dry overhang cut back into a canyon wall and screened by fallen slabs — shaded all day, invisible from below, and reachable by only one route.","rotatable":false},{"id":"puffball-turf-ring","name":"Puffball Ring","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["alpine"],"healthValue":3,"needs":["plant"],"shape":"puffballring","color":"#cfc6a8","description":"A ring of pale domes pushing up through old turf. Step on a ripe one and it smokes.","matureHours":3,"matureBonus":1,"rotatable":false},{"id":"sedge-tussock-nest","name":"Meadow Sedge Tussock","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["meadow"],"healthValue":4,"needs":["shelter","plant"],"shape":"sedgetussock","color":"#7f8f4a","description":"A dense knee-high clump of sedge in a damp low spot, packed so tightly you could push a fist deep inside it and never find the hole again.","matureHours":3,"matureBonus":1,"rotatable":false},{"id":"hidden-grass-nest","name":"Hidden Grass Nest","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["meadow"],"healthValue":4,"needs":["shelter","plant"],"shape":"grasstussocknest","color":"#8a9a52","description":"A thick tussock left standing in a damp hollow, with the middle pressed down into a deep cup you would walk past without seeing.","matureHours":3,"matureBonus":1,"rotatable":false},{"id":"cocoon-leaf-drift","name":"Cocoon Leaf Drift","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["forest"],"healthValue":4,"needs":["shelter"],"shape":"cocoondrift","color":"#8a6a3c","description":"A drift of curled fallen leaves left banked against a log. Giant silk moths spin their cocoons inside a leaf that then falls with it, so the whole next generation is lying in this pile all winter.","matureHours":4,"matureBonus":1,"rotatable":false},{"id":"acorn-cache-scatter","name":"Acorn Cache","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["forest"],"healthValue":5,"needs":["food","open"],"shape":"acorncache","color":"#7a6340","description":"A patch of soft open ground pocked with little digs where a jay has pushed acorns in one at a time. Most get eaten over winter; the forgotten ones come up as oak seedlings in spring.","matureHours":4,"matureBonus":1,"rotatable":false},{"id":"winter-freeze-litter-bed","name":"Frozen Leaf Bed","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["forest"],"healthValue":4,"needs":["shelter"],"shape":"frozenleafbed","color":"#6f5b3e","description":"A shallow bed of loose leaves and duff over soft soil — only a few centimetres deep, which is all a wood frog needs, because it does not dig below the frost. It simply freezes with the ground and thaws out in spring.","matureHours":3,"matureBonus":1,"rotatable":false},{"id":"canopy-nest-limb","name":"Canopy Nest Limb","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["forest"],"healthValue":7,"needs":["shelter"],"shape":"canopylimb","color":"#4a5f3c","description":"A heavy horizontal limb against the trunk of an old tree, high up where the canopy closes over. Big forest hawks need a limb thick enough to hold a nest they will use for years, and clear flying room underneath it.","matureHours":12,"matureBonus":3,"rotatable":false},{"id":"thicket-bed-hollow","name":"Thicket Bed Hollow","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["desert"],"healthValue":5,"needs":["shelter"],"shape":"thicketbed","color":"#8b7a52","description":"A scooped, dusty hollow under dense thornscrub where a whole herd lies up through the heat of the day, pressed together. The shade is worth more than the cover — it is ten degrees cooler in there.","matureHours":5,"matureBonus":2,"rotatable":false},{"id":"falcon-scrape-ledge","name":"Scrape Ledge","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["alpine"],"healthValue":6,"needs":["shelter"],"shape":"scrapeledge","color":"#7b8290","description":"A gravel-floored shelf high on a cliff with a shallow dip kicked into the grit. No nest is built here and none is needed — the ledge and the drop below it are the whole thing.","rotatable":false},{"id":"octopus-den-midden","name":"Den Scrap Pile","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["coastal"],"healthValue":6,"needs":["shelter"],"shape":"octopusmidden","color":"#6a6f7a","description":"A dark crevice under a boulder with a rock dragged part-way across the entrance, and a tidy heap of emptied crab shells and drilled clams outside it. The rubbish pile is how you find the octopus.","zone":"subtidal","waveExposure":"moderate","rotatable":false},{"id":"meadow-mushroom-ring","name":"Meadow Mushroom Ring","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["meadow"],"healthValue":4,"needs":["plant","food"],"shape":"meadowring","color":"#d8cdb4","description":"A curved arc of pale button caps pushing up through damp grass thatch after rain. The ring is the edge of a fungus growing outward underground, and it can be older than every plant around it.","matureHours":2,"matureBonus":1,"rotatable":false},{"id":"bracket-fungus-shelf","name":"Bracket Fungus Shelf","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["forest"],"healthValue":5,"needs":["plant","food"],"shape":"bracketfungus","color":"#a8763f","description":"Overlapping fans of banded bracket fungus stepping up the side of a dead hardwood log. This is the thing actually digesting the wood — the log only becomes soil because the fungus gets there first.","matureHours":4,"matureBonus":2,"rotatable":false},{"id":"wild-celery-bed","name":"Wild Celery Bed","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["wetland"],"healthValue":6,"needs":["plant","food"],"shape":"celerybed","color":"#4f8f66","description":"Long ribbon leaves streaming underwater in the shallows, rooted in the silt. It lives entirely on the light that reaches the bottom, so it only grows where the water has been allowed to settle clear.","matureHours":5,"matureBonus":2,"rotatable":false},{"id":"snowbank-mushroom-cluster","name":"Snowbank Mushrooms","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["alpine"],"healthValue":4,"needs":["plant","food"],"shape":"snowbankmushrooms","color":"#cfd6dc","description":"A crowd of small pale mushrooms with hairy stems, fruiting right at the edge of a melting drift on buried rotten conifer wood. They come up while there is still snow on the ground.","matureHours":3,"matureBonus":1,"rotatable":false},{"id":"grizzly-dig-slope","name":"Dig Slope","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["alpine"],"healthValue":5,"needs":["open","shelter"],"shape":"digslope","color":"#8a7a5c","description":"A high bank of loose, root-threaded earth soft enough to be torn open, with the turned soil left in heaps.","rotatable":false},{"id":"feather-lined-crack","name":"Lined Rock Crack","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["alpine"],"healthValue":4,"needs":["shelter"],"shape":"linedcrack","color":"#8b8378","description":"A narrow dry fissure in a wind-scoured rock face, packed at the back with down and fur.","rotatable":false},{"id":"borrowed-burrow-mouth","name":"Borrowed Burrow","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["desert"],"healthValue":4,"needs":["shelter"],"shape":"borrowedburrow","color":"#9a7f52","description":"A burrow mouth someone else dug, widened and swept clean, with a fan of loose sand at the entrance.","rotatable":false},{"id":"browsed-pond-shallows","name":"Browsed Shallows","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["wetland"],"healthValue":6,"needs":["water","plant"],"shape":"browsedshallows","color":"#4f6b48","description":"A soft-bottomed margin where the water is chest-deep and thick with stems, cropped short in ragged patches.","rotatable":false},{"id":"waterfall-splash-ledge","name":"Splash Ledge","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["alpine"],"healthValue":5,"needs":["shelter","water"],"shape":"splashledge","color":"#6f8894","description":"A wet shelf tucked behind a thread of falling meltwater, mossy and permanently in shadow.","rotatable":false},{"id":"grub-digging-ground","name":"Digging Ground","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["forest"],"healthValue":4,"needs":["open","food"],"shape":"diggingground","color":"#6b5a3f","description":"A patch of soft leaf-mould soil left unpacked, already pitted with small cone-shaped holes where something has been turning it over.","rotatable":false},{"id":"clifftop-burrow","name":"Clifftop Burrow","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["coastal"],"healthValue":5,"needs":["shelter"],"shape":"clifftopburrow","color":"#6f7a52","description":"A round hole driven back into deep turf at the very top of a sea cliff, with a worn patch of bare earth at the entrance.","zone":"backdune","waveExposure":"exposed","rotatable":false},{"id":"groundhog-burrow-mound","name":"Meadow Burrow Mound","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["meadow"],"healthValue":5,"needs":["shelter"],"shape":"groundhogmound","color":"#8a7550","description":"A fan of freshly turned earth banked around a round hole, with a second hole hidden in the grass a few paces off.","rotatable":false},{"id":"opossum-den-hollow","name":"Den Hollow","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["meadow"],"healthValue":4,"needs":["shelter"],"shape":"opossumhollow","color":"#6b5a44","description":"A dry cavity under a leaning log, floored with dragged-in leaves and open at both ends.","rotatable":false},{"id":"shore-stick-nest","name":"Stick Nest","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["coastal"],"healthValue":4,"needs":["shelter"],"shape":"shorenest","color":"#7a6a4e","description":"A bulky platform of salt-bleached sticks wedged in a high fork, added to and patched every season.","zone":"backdune","waveExposure":"sheltered","rotatable":false},{"id":"happy-buddha","name":"Happy Buddha","placement":"both","biomes":["meadow","forest","wetland","desert","alpine","coastal"],"healthValue":0,"needs":[],"shape":"buddhastatue","color":"#c9a86a","decorative":true,"description":"A round little figure sat cross-legged with both arms thrown up and a grin across its whole face. Rubbing the belly is supposed to be lucky, and the clay has gone smooth and shiny in that one spot.","rotatable":false},{"id":"lucky-toad","name":"Lucky Toad","placement":"both","biomes":["meadow","forest","wetland","desert","alpine","coastal"],"healthValue":0,"needs":[],"shape":"luckytoad","color":"#9ab35c","decorative":true,"description":"A fat three-legged toad sitting on a little heap of coins with one more held in its mouth. Tradition says it faces into the camp, never out, so the luck comes in with you.","rotatable":false},{"id":"rippled-sand-bed","name":"Rippled Sand","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["coastal"],"healthValue":4,"needs":["open"],"shape":"rippledsand","color":"#d8c9a4","description":"Clean sand below the low tide line, combed into even ridges by a current gentle enough to leave them standing.","zone":"subtidal","waveExposure":"sheltered","rotatable":false},{"id":"bunchgrass-sod-plug","name":"Bunchgrass Sod Plug","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["meadow","alpine"],"healthValue":3,"needs":["plant","open"],"shape":"bunchgrass","color":"#8aa85e","description":"A hand-cut plug of native bunchgrass, roots and soil together. Set it in bare ground and it spreads on its own.","matureHours":2,"matureBonus":1,"rotatable":false},{"id":"meadow-overlook-bench","name":"Meadow Overlook Bench","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["meadow"],"healthValue":0,"needs":[],"shape":"bench","color":"#a3814f","description":"A second bench, set at the far edge of the meadow facing back the way you came. Best an hour before dusk, when the grass goes gold and the bees are still up.","rotatable":false},{"id":"pollinator-waystation","name":"Pollinator Waystation","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["meadow"],"healthValue":2,"needs":["open","food"],"shape":"planter","color":"#c9843f","description":"A raised bed of nectar plants set deliberately in the open, halfway between two flowering patches, so a short-range bee can cross ground it otherwise could not.","rotatable":false},{"id":"meadow-lantern-row","name":"Meadow Lantern Row","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["meadow"],"healthValue":0,"needs":[],"shape":"lanternstring","color":"#e8c46a","description":"Lanterns strung low along a path on a woven cord. Hung at knee height on purpose — high lights wash out the meadow and the moths never settle.","rotatable":false},{"id":"forest-reading-bench","name":"Forest Reading Bench","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["forest"],"healthValue":0,"needs":[],"shape":"bench","color":"#7d6144","description":"A plank bench gone soft green along its north edge. The moss is not neglect; it is the only thing here that will not give you splinters.","rotatable":false},{"id":"hollow-trail-marker","name":"Hollow Trail Marker","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["forest"],"healthValue":0,"needs":[],"shape":"signpost","color":"#8a6f4c","description":"A carved marker for the paths through the deep stand, where every direction is the same brown column and you have already been wrong once.","rotatable":false},{"id":"old-hollow-arch","name":"Old Hollow Arch","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["forest"],"healthValue":1,"needs":[],"shape":"arch","color":"#6f5a3f","description":"A bent-branch arch at the mouth of the oldest trees. It marks nothing, holds nothing up, and everyone slows down walking under it anyway.","rotatable":false},{"id":"reed-weavers-bench","name":"Reed Weaver's Bench","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["wetland"],"healthValue":0,"needs":[],"shape":"bench","color":"#93894f","description":"A low bench with a reed-woven seat, set back far enough from the water that a heron will still work the shallows in front of you.","rotatable":false},{"id":"rushwater-boardwalk-rail","name":"Rushwater Boardwalk Rail","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["wetland"],"healthValue":2,"needs":["open"],"shape":"boardwalk","color":"#9a8358","description":"A railed run of boardwalk over soft ground. The rail is the point: it keeps feet on the planks, and marsh that nobody walks on knits back together fast.","rotatable":false},{"id":"heron-watch-arch","name":"Heron Watch Arch","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["wetland"],"healthValue":1,"needs":[],"shape":"arch","color":"#7e8a5c","description":"A reed-bound arch framing the open water. Stand under it and stay still; herons mind a moving outline far more than a standing one.","rotatable":false},{"id":"shade-ramada","name":"Shade Ramada","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["desert"],"healthValue":0,"needs":[],"shape":"gazebo","color":"#b98b5e","description":"An open-sided roof on posts, no walls. Walls would trap the afternoon heat; a roof and a through-breeze drop the ground beneath it by a startling amount.","rotatable":false},{"id":"redstone-waymarker","name":"Redstone Waymarker","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["desert"],"healthValue":0,"needs":[],"shape":"signpost","color":"#a9603f","description":"A stacked marker on the ridge line, sited to be visible from the wash below — where the walls are high, the sun is overhead, and every bend looks like the last.","rotatable":false},{"id":"geode-sun-court","name":"Geode Sun Court","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["desert"],"healthValue":1,"needs":[],"shape":"cairnstack","color":"#c98f52","description":"A ring of split geodes set crystal-face up around a swept floor. At noon the whole court throws light back at you; at dusk it goes quiet and violet.","rotatable":false},{"id":"graywind-rest-bench","name":"Graywind Rest Bench","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["alpine"],"healthValue":0,"needs":[],"shape":"bench","color":"#8d8b84","description":"A stone bench in the lee of the ridge, put where the wind is not. Ten steps either side and you would not be able to hear yourself think.","rotatable":false},{"id":"lichen-cairn-trail","name":"Lichen Cairn Trail","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["alpine"],"healthValue":1,"needs":[],"shape":"cairnstack","color":"#9a9a86","description":"A line of cairns for the stretch above the last trees. Built tall on purpose: the ones that matter are the ones still showing after snow.","rotatable":false},{"id":"summit-sundial","name":"Summit Sundial","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["alpine"],"healthValue":0,"needs":[],"shape":"sundial","color":"#b6b3a4","description":"A quartz gnomon on a stone plate. Runs fast in summer and is useless in cloud, which up here is most of the interesting weather.","rotatable":false},{"id":"driftwood-bench","name":"Driftwood Bench","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["coastal"],"healthValue":0,"needs":[],"shape":"bench","color":"#a99682","description":"A bench built from what the winter storms delivered, set above the wrack line so the next winter has to work harder to take it back.","rotatable":false},{"id":"shore-waymark","name":"Shore Waymark","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["coastal"],"healthValue":0,"needs":[],"shape":"signpost","color":"#9c8e74","description":"A driftwood post with a sea-glass eye set into the head. It catches the low sun and tells you where the path leaves the sand.","rotatable":false},{"id":"tidewatchers-arch","name":"Tidewatcher's Arch","placement":"outdoor","biomes":["coastal"],"healthValue":1,"needs":[],"shape":"arch","color":"#8fa2a6","description":"Two storm-cured trunks leaned into an arch above the high-tide line. Twice a day the water comes almost to the feet of it, and twice a day it does not.","rotatable":false}],"tools":[{"id":"basket","name":"Gathering Basket","description":"For gently collecting light, renewable materials: seeds, berries, flowers, fiber, shells.","shape":"basket1","tiers":[{"tier":1,"name":"Gathering Basket","effect":"Carry up to 200 materials and gather 1 at a time.","shape":"basket1"},{"tier":2,"name":"Reinforced Gathering Basket","effect":"Carry up to 350 materials and gather 2 light materials at a time.","shape":"basket2","materials":{"fiber":8,"branches":4,"stones":2},"requires":{"biome":"meadow","minHealth":40}},{"tier":3,"name":"Woven Carryall","effect":"Carry up to 550 materials and gather 3 at a time.","shape":"basket3","materials":{"fiber":10,"bark":4,"moss":4},"requires":{"biome":"forest","minHealth":60}},{"tier":4,"name":"Naturalist's Pack","effect":"Carry up to 800 materials and gather 4 at a time.","shape":"basket4","materials":{"reeds":8,"fiber":8,"clay":4},"requires":{"biome":"wetland","minHealth":65}}]},{"id":"shovel","name":"Basic Shovel","description":"For carefully digging stones, clay, and sand, and preparing restoration ground.","shape":"shovel1","tiers":[{"tier":1,"name":"Basic Shovel","effect":"Dig stones, clay, and sand; gather 1 at a time.","shape":"shovel1"},{"tier":2,"name":"Restoration Shovel","effect":"Shape wetland mud banks and burrow mounds; gather 2 dug materials.","shape":"shovel2","materials":{"branches":4,"stones":6,"fiber":2},"requires":{"biome":"meadow","minHealth":30}},{"tier":3,"name":"Tempered Spade","effect":"Dig faster and gather 3 dug materials at a time.","shape":"shovel3","materials":{"stones":8,"bark":3,"clay":4},"requires":{"biome":"forest","minHealth":55}},{"tier":4,"name":"Earthshaper's Spade","effect":"Shape the toughest ground and gather 4 dug materials at a time.","shape":"shovel4","materials":{"stones":10,"clay":6,"reeds":4},"requires":{"biome":"wetland","minHealth":65}}]},{"id":"watering-can","name":"Tin Watering Can","description":"For carrying water to thirsty ground and new plantings.","shape":"wateringcan1","tiers":[{"tier":1,"name":"Tin Watering Can","effect":"Collect 1 water from springs and streams.","shape":"wateringcan1"},{"tier":2,"name":"Rainwater Canteen","effect":"Collect 2 water at a time — restore dry ground more efficiently.","shape":"wateringcan2","materials":{"clay":6,"fiber":3,"water":4},"requires":{"biome":"meadow","minHealth":30}},{"tier":3,"name":"Spring-fed Ewer","effect":"Collect 3 water at a time for rivers, lakes, and lush beds.","shape":"wateringcan3","materials":{"clay":8,"bark":4,"water":4,"rainwater":3},"requires":{"biome":"forest","minHealth":55}},{"tier":4,"name":"Cloudcatcher Urn","effect":"Collect 4 water at a time — flood whole channels in a few trips.","shape":"wateringcan4","materials":{"clay":8,"clean-water":6,"rainwater":4},"requires":{"biome":"wetland","minHealth":65}}]},{"id":"journal-meadow","name":"Willow Meadow Field Guide","journalBiome":"meadow","description":"Your notes on Willow Meadow, bound up as you fill them in. The field guide opens each returned neighbour’s full page; the expanded edition spells out exactly what everyone still missing is waiting for.","shape":"journal1","tiers":[{"tier":1,"name":"Willow Meadow Pocket Notes","effect":"Names, sketches and a caretaker’s hint for every neighbour of this place.","shape":"journal1"},{"tier":2,"name":"Willow Meadow Field Guide","effect":"Opens the full page for every animal here: role, food web, when to spot them, and the habitat they keep.","shape":"guide-meadow","materials":{"fiber":3,"seeds":4,"wildflowers":2},"requires":{"biome":"meadow"}},{"tier":3,"name":"Willow Meadow Expanded Guide","effect":"Spells out exactly what every animal here is waiting for — habitat, health, water, and weather — in the journal and on your goals.","shape":"guide-meadow-expanded","materials":{"branches":4,"fiber":6,"seeds":8,"wildflowers":4},"requires":{"biome":"meadow"}}]},{"id":"journal-forest","name":"Old Hollow Forest Field Guide","journalBiome":"forest","description":"Your notes on Old Hollow Forest, bound up as you fill them in. The field guide opens each returned neighbour’s full page; the expanded edition spells out exactly what everyone still missing is waiting for.","shape":"journal1","tiers":[{"tier":1,"name":"Old Hollow Forest Pocket Notes","effect":"Names, sketches and a caretaker’s hint for every neighbour of this place.","shape":"journal1"},{"tier":2,"name":"Old Hollow Forest Field Guide","effect":"Opens the full page for every animal here: role, food web, when to spot them, and the habitat they keep.","shape":"guide-forest","materials":{"moss":4,"mushrooms":2,"pinecones":2},"requires":{"biome":"forest"}},{"tier":3,"name":"Old Hollow Forest Expanded Guide","effect":"Spells out exactly what every animal here is waiting for — habitat, health, water, and weather — in the journal and on your goals.","shape":"guide-forest-expanded","materials":{"bark":4,"moss":8,"mushrooms":4,"pinecones":4},"requires":{"biome":"forest"}}]},{"id":"journal-wetland","name":"Rushwater Wetland Field Guide","journalBiome":"wetland","description":"Your notes on Rushwater Wetland, bound up as you fill them in. The field guide opens each returned neighbour’s full page; the expanded edition spells out exactly what everyone still missing is waiting for.","shape":"journal1","tiers":[{"tier":1,"name":"Rushwater Wetland Pocket Notes","effect":"Names, sketches and a caretaker’s hint for every neighbour of this place.","shape":"journal1"},{"tier":2,"name":"Rushwater Wetland Field Guide","effect":"Opens the full page for every animal here: role, food web, when to spot them, and the habitat they keep.","shape":"guide-wetland","materials":{"clay":2,"mud":2,"reeds":4},"requires":{"biome":"wetland"}},{"tier":3,"name":"Rushwater Wetland Expanded Guide","effect":"Spells out exactly what every animal here is waiting for — habitat, health, water, and weather — in the journal and on your goals.","shape":"guide-wetland-expanded","materials":{"clay":4,"clean-water":4,"mud":4,"reeds":8},"requires":{"biome":"wetland"}}]},{"id":"journal-desert","name":"Redstone Scrubland Field Guide","journalBiome":"desert","description":"Your notes on Redstone Scrubland, bound up as you fill them in. The field guide opens each returned neighbour’s full page; the expanded edition spells out exactly what everyone still missing is waiting for.","shape":"journal1","tiers":[{"tier":1,"name":"Redstone Scrubland Pocket Notes","effect":"Names, sketches and a caretaker’s hint for every neighbour of this place.","shape":"journal1"},{"tier":2,"name":"Redstone Scrubland Field Guide","effect":"Opens the full page for every animal here: role, food web, when to spot them, and the habitat they keep.","shape":"guide-desert","materials":{"agave-nectar":1,"cactus-fruit":2,"sand":3,"sunstone":1},"requires":{"biome":"desert"}},{"tier":3,"name":"Redstone Scrubland Expanded Guide","effect":"Spells out exactly what every animal here is waiting for — habitat, health, water, and weather — in the journal and on your goals.","shape":"guide-desert-expanded","materials":{"agave-nectar":2,"cactus-fruit":4,"geode":2,"sand":6,"sunstone":2},"requires":{"biome":"desert"}}]},{"id":"journal-alpine","name":"Graywind Heights Field Guide","journalBiome":"alpine","description":"Your notes on Graywind Heights, bound up as you fill them in. The field guide opens each returned neighbour’s full page; the expanded edition spells out exactly what everyone still missing is waiting for.","shape":"journal1","tiers":[{"tier":1,"name":"Graywind Heights Pocket Notes","effect":"Names, sketches and a caretaker’s hint for every neighbour of this place.","shape":"journal1"},{"tier":2,"name":"Graywind Heights Field Guide","effect":"Opens the full page for every animal here: role, food web, when to spot them, and the habitat they keep.","shape":"guide-alpine","materials":{"alpine-flowers":3,"lichen":2,"quartz-crystal":1},"requires":{"biome":"alpine"}},{"tier":3,"name":"Graywind Heights Expanded Guide","effect":"Spells out exactly what every animal here is waiting for — habitat, health, water, and weather — in the journal and on your goals.","shape":"guide-alpine-expanded","materials":{"alpine-flowers":6,"juniper-berries":3,"lichen":4,"quartz-crystal":2},"requires":{"biome":"alpine"}}]},{"id":"journal-coastal","name":"Pelican Shore Field Guide","journalBiome":"coastal","description":"Your notes on Pelican Shore, bound up as you fill them in. The field guide opens each returned neighbour’s full page; the expanded edition spells out exactly what everyone still missing is waiting for.","shape":"journal1","tiers":[{"tier":1,"name":"Pelican Shore Pocket Notes","effect":"Names, sketches and a caretaker’s hint for every neighbour of this place.","shape":"journal1"},{"tier":2,"name":"Pelican Shore Field Guide","effect":"Opens the full page for every animal here: role, food web, when to spot them, and the habitat they keep.","shape":"guide-coastal","materials":{"driftwood":2,"sand":2,"shells":3},"requires":{"biome":"coastal"}},{"tier":3,"name":"Pelican Shore Expanded Guide","effect":"Spells out exactly what every animal here is waiting for — habitat, health, water, and weather — in the journal and on your goals.","shape":"guide-coastal-expanded","materials":{"driftwood":4,"pearl":1,"sand":4,"shells":6},"requires":{"biome":"coastal"}}]}],"achievements":[{"id":"welcome-grasshopper","name":"First Friend","biome":"preserve","category":"getting-started","order":1,"points":10,"hidden":false,"icon":"ach-grasshopper","flavor":"You saw it through — gathered, built, shaped the land, and welcomed your first neighbor. A single hop in the grass, and you already know how to bring back a whole meadow.","hint":"Every caretaker's journey begins with one small arrival.","req":{"t":"animal","ids":["grasshopper"]}},{"id":"forager","name":"Forager","biome":"preserve","category":"getting-started","order":2,"points":10,"hidden":false,"icon":"ach-gather-hand","flavor":"A hundred fallen things picked up and put to use. You've stopped scrounging and started stockpiling.","hint":"Gather, and keep gathering — build a real stockpile.","req":{"t":"collect","n":100}},{"id":"makers-hands","name":"Maker's Hands","biome":"preserve","category":"getting-started","order":3,"points":10,"hidden":false,"icon":"ach-mallet","flavor":"Ten things built by hand. Habitat isn't found — it's made, one piece at a time.","hint":"Keep crafting; one item won't restore a meadow.","req":{"t":"craft","n":10}},{"id":"green-thumb","name":"Green Thumb","biome":"preserve","category":"getting-started","order":4,"points":10,"hidden":false,"icon":"ach-sprout-thumb","flavor":"Ten living things in soil you readied yourself. Half of restoration is just patience with a watering can.","hint":"Put down roots — plant, and plant again.","req":{"t":"plant","n":10}},{"id":"waterworks","name":"Waterworks","biome":"preserve","category":"getting-started","order":5,"points":10,"hidden":false,"icon":"ach-droplet-ripple","flavor":"Beds dug, ground watered, the first pools shaped. Wet ground is the difference between bare dirt and a place that holds life.","hint":"Work the soil and bring it water, again and again.","req":{"t":"terraform","n":15}},{"id":"meadow-first-bloom","name":"First Bloom","biome":"meadow","category":"biome","order":6,"points":15,"hidden":false,"icon":"ach-wildflower","flavor":"Grasshopper, then a bee, then a sparrow that eats both, then a fox that eats the sparrow. A food web is just neighbors who need each other.","hint":"Coax the meadow well past its first lonely visitor.","req":{"t":"returned","biome":"meadow","n":8}},{"id":"meadow-pollinators","name":"Pollinator Highway","biome":"meadow","category":"biome","order":7,"points":20,"hidden":false,"icon":"ach-butterfly","flavor":"Monarch, bumblebee, leafcutter, lady beetle, painted lady — the unpaid workforce that turns flowers into seeds and seeds into more meadow.","hint":"Bring back the meadow's little winged workforce.","req":{"t":"kindReturned","biome":"meadow","kind":"insect","n":5}},{"id":"meadow-apex","name":"Apex of the Grass","biome":"meadow","category":"biome","order":8,"points":25,"hidden":false,"icon":"ach-fox-head","flavor":"A fox only settles where there are voles and rabbits to hunt — so its arrival means the whole chain beneath it is finally fed.","hint":"A meadow is whole when its top hunter trusts it.","req":{"t":"animal","ids":["red-fox"]}},{"id":"meadow-mender","name":"Meadow Mender","biome":"meadow","category":"biome","order":9,"points":25,"hidden":false,"icon":"ach-grass-tuft","flavor":"The dust is gone. Where you started there was bare ground; now there's a meadow that hums.","hint":"Heal Willow Meadow most of the way back.","req":{"t":"health","biome":"meadow","n":80}},{"id":"meadow-reborn","name":"Willow Meadow Reborn","biome":"meadow","category":"biome","order":10,"points":50,"hidden":false,"icon":"ach-meadow-sun","flavor":"Every animal that belongs here is home. The meadow doesn't need you to hum anymore — but it remembers who started it.","hint":"Leave no meadow animal behind.","req":{"t":"returned","biome":"meadow","n":25}},{"id":"forest-understory","name":"Understory Returns","biome":"forest","category":"biome","order":11,"points":15,"hidden":false,"icon":"ach-fern","flavor":"Ferns, shrubs, a squirrel arguing with a woodpecker, newts under the deadwood. 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The owl hunts what the day birds never see, and the skunk turns over the leaf litter for grubs.","hint":"Wake the forest that only stirs after dark.","req":{"t":"animal","ids":["great-horned-owl","skunk"],"mode":"all"}},{"id":"forest-canopy","name":"Canopy Restored","biome":"forest","category":"biome","order":14,"points":25,"hidden":false,"icon":"ach-conifer","flavor":"Shade on the forest floor again. The big trees you raised will outlive everyone reading their rings.","hint":"Raise Old Hollow Forest most of the way back.","req":{"t":"health","biome":"forest","n":80}},{"id":"forest-reborn","name":"Old Hollow Forest Reborn","biome":"forest","category":"biome","order":15,"points":50,"hidden":false,"icon":"ach-three-trees","flavor":"From a logged-over silence to a full, layered wood — floor, understory, canopy, and every wing in between.","hint":"Leave no forest animal behind.","req":{"t":"returned","biome":"forest","n":25}},{"id":"wetland-first-water","name":"Water Returns","biome":"wetland","category":"biome","order":16,"points":15,"hidden":false,"icon":"ach-cattail","flavor":"Shape the water and the water brings its own crowd — frogs, striders, dragonflies skating the surface, a heron stalking the shallows.","hint":"Shape water, and life will find it.","req":{"t":"returned","biome":"wetland","n":8}},{"id":"wetland-engineer","name":"The Engineer","biome":"wetland","category":"biome","order":17,"points":25,"hidden":false,"icon":"ach-beaver-dam","flavor":"The beaver doesn't move into habitat — it builds it. One dam, and otters, herons, and frogs all get a home they couldn't have made themselves.","hint":"Welcome the one who builds habitat for everyone else.","req":{"t":"animal","ids":["beaver"]}},{"id":"wetland-lakemaker","name":"Lakemaker","biome":"wetland","category":"biome","order":18,"points":20,"hidden":false,"icon":"ach-lake","flavor":"Enough open water to hold a sky. Turtles bask, mergansers dive, and the whole marsh has a center again.","hint":"Open enough connected water to hold a sky.","req":{"t":"lake","biome":"wetland","n":6}},{"id":"wetland-restored","name":"Marsh Restored","biome":"wetland","category":"biome","order":19,"points":25,"hidden":false,"icon":"ach-heron","flavor":"Reeds where there was cracked mud, channels that actually flow. 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A tortoise digs a burrow and an owl moves into the spare room — nobody wastes a hole here.","hint":"In the desert, the right neighbors share their holes.","req":{"t":"animal","ids":["burrowing-owl","kangaroo-rat","desert-tortoise"],"mode":"all"}},{"id":"desert-hunter","name":"Dryland Hunter","biome":"desert","category":"biome","order":23,"points":25,"hidden":false,"icon":"ach-rattlesnake","flavor":"A predator that can wait out the heat means there's finally enough prey to be patient for.","hint":"A hunter that waits out the heat needs prey worth waiting for.","req":{"t":"animal","ids":["rattlesnake","coyote"],"mode":"any"}},{"id":"desert-restored","name":"Scrubland Restored","biome":"desert","category":"biome","order":24,"points":25,"hidden":false,"icon":"ach-agave","flavor":"Brush and cactus where there was overgrazed flat. You can't flood a desert back — you have to shade it back, and you did.","hint":"Bring Redstone Scrubland most of the way back.","req":{"t":"health","biome":"desert","n":80}},{"id":"desert-reborn","name":"Redstone Scrubland Reborn","biome":"desert","category":"biome","order":25,"points":50,"hidden":false,"icon":"ach-desert-sun","flavor":"The hardest country in the preserve, fully alive — from the elf owl in the cactus to the tarantula under the stone.","hint":"Leave no desert animal behind.","req":{"t":"returned","biome":"desert","n":25}},{"id":"alpine-treeline","name":"Above the Treeline","biome":"alpine","category":"biome","order":26,"points":15,"hidden":false,"icon":"ach-peak","flavor":"Nothing up here is here by accident. Every one of these has chosen the thin air on purpose.","hint":"Coax the first hardy few above the trees.","req":{"t":"returned","biome":"alpine","n":8}},{"id":"alpine-haypile","name":"The Haymaker","biome":"alpine","category":"biome","order":27,"points":20,"hidden":false,"icon":"ach-pika","flavor":"The pika spends all summer stacking little hay piles for a winter it refuses to sleep through. Tiny animal, enormous work ethic.","hint":"Welcome the tireless little hay-stacker of the rocks.","req":{"t":"animal","ids":["pika"]}},{"id":"alpine-crown","name":"Crown of the Range","biome":"alpine","category":"biome","order":28,"points":25,"hidden":false,"icon":"ach-eagle","flavor":"When the eagle circles the ridge, the marmots whistle and the whole slope listens. The top of the food web has come home.","hint":"Crown the range with its highest hunter.","req":{"t":"animal","ids":["golden-eagle"]}},{"id":"alpine-restored","name":"Heights Restored","biome":"alpine","category":"biome","order":29,"points":25,"hidden":false,"icon":"ach-alpine-flower","flavor":"Wildflower turf knitted back over the talus. Up here things grow by the inch and recover by the decade — you sped it up.","hint":"Bring Graywind Heights most of the way back.","req":{"t":"health","biome":"alpine","n":80}},{"id":"alpine-reborn","name":"Graywind Heights Reborn","biome":"alpine","category":"biome","order":30,"points":50,"hidden":false,"icon":"ach-range","flavor":"Goat to ptarmigan to trout in the snowmelt — the whole high country, restored against the wind.","hint":"Leave no alpine animal behind.","req":{"t":"returned","biome":"alpine","n":25}},{"id":"coastal-tide","name":"The Tide Returns","biome":"coastal","category":"biome","order":31,"points":15,"hidden":false,"icon":"ach-wave","flavor":"Crabs in the wrack line, anemones in the pools, gulls working the surf. The tide was always coming in — now there's a whole shore to meet it.","hint":"Give the tide a shore worth returning to.","req":{"t":"returned","biome":"coastal","n":8}},{"id":"coastal-keystone","name":"Keystone","biome":"coastal","category":"biome","order":32,"points":25,"hidden":false,"icon":"ach-seastar","flavor":"The textbook keystone species: pull the sea star out and the mussels take everything. Put it back and the whole tidepool shares the rock again.","hint":"Restore the one animal that holds the whole tidepool together.","req":{"t":"animal","ids":["sea-star"]}},{"id":"coastal-otter","name":"Otter's Garden","biome":"coastal","category":"biome","order":33,"points":25,"hidden":false,"icon":"ach-otter","flavor":"Otters eat the urchins that eat the kelp — so an otter on the water means a forest under it. Few animals do more with a full belly.","hint":"Welcome the swimmer that keeps the kelp standing.","req":{"t":"animal","ids":["sea-otter"]}},{"id":"coastal-restored","name":"Shore Restored","biome":"coastal","category":"biome","order":34,"points":25,"hidden":false,"icon":"ach-shell","flavor":"Anchored dunes, full tidepools, kelp in the wrack. The edge of the whole preserve, holding the line against the sea.","hint":"Bring Pelican Shore most of the way back.","req":{"t":"health","biome":"coastal","n":80}},{"id":"coastal-reborn","name":"Pelican Shore Reborn","biome":"coastal","category":"biome","order":35,"points":50,"hidden":false,"icon":"ach-pelican","flavor":"Whale-spout to clam-siphon. The last and wildest stretch of the preserve, complete.","hint":"Leave no coastal animal behind.","req":{"t":"returned","biome":"coastal","n":25}},{"id":"well-stocked","name":"Well Stocked","biome":"preserve","category":"mastery","order":36,"points":25,"hidden":false,"icon":"ach-full-basket","flavor":"A thousand fallen things gathered. You stopped scrounging long ago — this is provisioning.","hint":"Gather far past what any one project needs.","req":{"t":"collect","n":1000}},{"id":"master-builder","name":"Master Builder","biome":"preserve","category":"mastery","order":37,"points":25,"hidden":false,"icon":"ach-blueprint","flavor":"A hundred and fifty pieces of habitat, placed by hand. The whole preserve has your fingerprints on it.","hint":"Place habitat until the whole preserve bears your hand.","req":{"t":"place","n":150}},{"id":"master-gardener","name":"Master Gardener","biome":"preserve","category":"mastery","order":38,"points":25,"hidden":false,"icon":"ach-watering-can","flavor":"Seventy-five living things put in the ground, sprout by patient sprout. Restoration is mostly just showing up with a watering can.","hint":"Plant on a scale that changes the land.","req":{"t":"plant","n":75}},{"id":"landscaper","name":"Landscaper","biome":"preserve","category":"mastery","order":39,"points":25,"hidden":false,"icon":"ach-spade-water","flavor":"You don't find the right land — you shape it. Beds, banks, ponds, lakes, and rivers, all on purpose.","hint":"Shape soil and water across the preserve, tirelessly.","req":{"t":"terraform","n":150}},{"id":"fully-equipped","name":"Fully Equipped","biome":"preserve","category":"mastery","order":40,"points":30,"hidden":false,"icon":"ach-toolbelt","flavor":"Top-tier gear for top-tier work. There's nothing left in the preserve you can't carry, dig, or water.","hint":"Carry your basket, shovel, and watering can to their peak.","req":{"t":"tools","n":4}},{"id":"naturalist","name":"Naturalist","biome":"preserve","category":"mastery","order":41,"points":30,"hidden":false,"icon":"ach-open-book","flavor":"Twelve books on the shelf — a guide to every area and the annotated edition beside it. You don't just host wildlife now, you understand it.","hint":"Write up every area's field guide, and its expanded edition.","req":{"t":"journals"}},{"id":"recipe-collector","name":"Recipe Collector","biome":"preserve","category":"mastery","order":42,"points":30,"hidden":false,"icon":"ach-recipe-stack","flavor":"Seventy-five different things, each built at least once. You've used nearly every tool on the bench.","hint":"Build a little of almost everything on the bench.","req":{"t":"craftDistinct","n":75}},{"id":"open-road","name":"Open Road","biome":"preserve","category":"preserve","order":43,"points":20,"hidden":false,"icon":"ach-trail-gate","flavor":"The first trail gate swings open. One healed meadow, and the whole preserve starts to feel reachable.","hint":"Heal one biome enough to open the next trail.","req":{"t":"unlocked","n":2}},{"id":"welcoming-committee","name":"Welcoming Committee","biome":"preserve","category":"preserve","order":44,"points":30,"hidden":false,"icon":"ach-paws-fifty","flavor":"Fifty species have decided this place is safe again. Word travels fast in the wild.","hint":"Draw a real crowd back to the preserve.","req":{"t":"total","n":50}},{"id":"full-house","name":"Full House","biome":"preserve","category":"preserve","order":45,"points":50,"hidden":false,"icon":"ach-preserve-map","flavor":"A hundred kinds of neighbor. The preserve isn't recovering anymore — it's thriving.","hint":"Fill the preserve with neighbors.","req":{"t":"total","n":100}},{"id":"field-notes","name":"Field Notes","biome":"preserve","category":"preserve","order":46,"points":25,"hidden":false,"icon":"ach-binoculars","flavor":"Page after page of observations. 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The preserve is tipping from recovering to recovered.","hint":"Bring several different biomes most of the way back.","req":{"t":"biomesAtHealth","h":80,"n":3}},{"id":"trailblazer","name":"Trailblazer","biome":"preserve","category":"preserve","order":49,"points":40,"hidden":false,"icon":"ach-signpost","flavor":"Every gate open, every trail walked. From your tent to the sea, it's all connected now.","hint":"Open every trail in the preserve.","req":{"t":"unlocked","n":6}},{"id":"caretaker-of-the-whole","name":"Caretaker of the Whole","biome":"preserve","category":"preserve","order":50,"points":100,"hidden":false,"icon":"ach-laurel","flavor":"Every animal in every biome, home. The damaged preserve you inherited is now, simply, wild. The rarest achievement there is.","hint":"Welcome home every animal in every biome.","req":{"t":"total","n":150}}],"homeStyles":{"cabin":{"name":"Log Cabin","floor":"#c8a064","wall":"#5e3f29","accent":"#b5707a","materials":{"branches":16,"fiber":6},"requires":{"biome":"meadow","minHealth":30},"perk":{"id":"forage","base":0.1,"perLevel":0.05,"cap":0.6}},"cottage":{"name":"Meadow Cottage","floor":"#e6d3a6","wall":"#aab9c6","accent":"#7fae6a","materials":{"wildflowers":6,"fiber":10,"clay":4},"requires":{"biome":"meadow","minHealth":30},"perk":{"id":"growth","base":0.1,"perLevel":0.04,"cap":0.5}},"stone":{"name":"Stone Hearth","floor":"#a9a499","wall":"#6f6a62","accent":"#d98a4f","materials":{"stones":14,"clay":6},"requires":{"biome":"meadow","minHealth":30},"perk":{"id":"thrift","base":0.1,"perLevel":0.05,"cap":0.6}}},"homeTracks":{"space":{"name":"Space","blurb":"A bigger room with more floor to decorate.","levels":[{"inner":{"w":6,"h":5}},{"inner":{"w":8,"h":6},"materials":{"branches":12,"fiber":8},"requires":{"biome":"meadow","minHealth":30}},{"inner":{"w":10,"h":7},"materials":{"branches":18,"stones":6,"clay":6},"requires":{"biome":"forest","minHealth":45}},{"inner":{"w":12,"h":9},"materials":{"branches":24,"clay":10,"clean-water":6},"requires":{"biome":"wetland","minHealth":55}}]},"comfort":{"name":"Comfort","blurb":"Carry more on every gathering trip (+capacity).","levels":[{"carry":0},{"carry":45,"materials":{"fiber":10,"branches":4},"requires":{"biome":"meadow","minHealth":35}},{"carry":95,"materials":{"fiber":14,"moss":6},"requires":{"biome":"forest","minHealth":50}},{"carry":160,"materials":{"reeds":10,"fiber":12},"requires":{"biome":"wetland","minHealth":60}}]},"decor":{"name":"Furnishings","blurb":"A finer rug and wall trim in your style.","levels":[{},{"materials":{"fiber":8,"wildflowers":4}},{"materials":{"fiber":12,"berries":6},"requires":{"biome":"meadow","minHealth":50}},{"materials":{"fiber":16,"clay":6},"requires":{"biome":"forest","minHealth":55}}]},"light":{"name":"Warmth","blurb":"Windows and a warm hearth glow.","levels":[{},{"materials":{"branches":6,"stones":4}},{"materials":{"stones":8,"clay":4},"requires":{"biome":"forest","minHealth":45}},{"materials":{"clay":6,"clean-water":4},"requires":{"biome":"wetland","minHealth":55}}]}},"nodeRegenSeconds":75,"appearanceOptions":{"skins":["#fbe8d5","#f6d7b8","#f0cba6","#eec39a","#dcae7f","#d9a06b","#cf9662","#c98f5e","#b97f50","#ad7248","#a66b45","#96603d","#8d5a3a","#7a4a30","#6b4226","#5a3720","#4e2f1e"],"hair":["#1c1614","#2b2320","#3b2e25","#4a3b30","#5c4636","#6e4a33","#7d5439","#8a5f3d","#a3692f","#b5502e","#c2632f","#c9913f","#d4a44f","#d9b380","#e8dcc0","#8c8c8c","#c9c9c9"],"outfits":["#3f6b4c","#4a7c59","#5f9166","#8a9a5b","#4f9a94","#7a9ac0","#5a6b8c","#3f5f80","#7d6b9e","#9b6bb0","#a8586b","#b5707a","#c4653f","#d4783f","#c9913f","#d4a373","#6b7280"],"hats":["none","straw","leaf","beanie","cap","visor","bucket","flower","party","acorn","beret","ranger","mushroom","wizard","witch","crown","bandana","tophat","newspaper","chef","pirate","frog","cat-ears","headphones","halo"],"hatColors":["#c9a35c","#8a734f","#5d4a36","#b05555","#e8734f","#b5707a","#d77bb1","#a8586b","#7d6b9e","#5f86b0","#4f9a94","#5d8a4a","#6aa84f","#e0b23e","#f2efe6","#8c8c8c","#3f3b47"],"hairstyles":["short","bald","long","bob","curly","curly-long","bun","braid","ponytail","pigtails","afro","mohawk","wavy","spiky","dreads","space-buns","bowl","double-braid","half-up","pixie","cornrows","shag"],"beards":["none","beard"],"bodies":["slim","round"]}}